I'm trying to find out if a particular allele is inHardy-Weinberg disequilibrium, but the data is poor. What's theminimum population number that you can use to get any sort ofrespectable conclusion?
I've heard it's 5 individuals minimum for each genotype butcan't find a source on that.
I'm trying to find out if a particular allele is inHardy-Weinberg disequilibrium, but the data is poor. What's theminimum population number that you can use to get any sort ofrespectable conclusion?
I've heard it's 5 individuals minimum for each genotype butcan't find a source on that.
Related textbook solutions
Related questions
Hemoglobin and Fitness Instructions Directions: Neutral Evolution
1. Obtain 20 beans of two different colors (e.g., white and red). Count out 16 white and 4 red beans. The white beans represent the Hn allele and the red beans represent the Hs allele. This is the genetic makeup of your starting population. (Note: You can use any objects that can readily be categorized into two groups, such as coins, colored rocks, or paper clips.)
2.Calculate the frequency of both alleles [f(Hn) and f(Hs)] and record them in Table 1. In our experiment frequency is a measure of how many copies of a given allele exist in the gene pool (i.e., a proportion). Use decimal values. â¨
3.Arrange the beans into pairs. These pairs represent the genotype of each of 10 individuals in the population. Record the number of individuals with each genotype [f(Hn Hn), f(Hn Hs), and f(HsHs)] in Table 1. â¨
4.Now imagine that the individuals are living and reproducing with each individual reproducing at the same rate (i.e., all individuals produce two copies of each of their alleles into the next generation). Obtain enough beans to represent the next generationâ the offspring generationâand then let the parental generation âdieâ. â¨
5.Calculate the frequency of each allele in the offspring generation and record it in Table 1. â¨
Answer the questions that follow in Table 1. â¨
Table 1
| f(HnHn) | f(HnHs) | f(HsHs) | f(Hn) | f(Hs) | |
| oiginal generation | |||||
| offspring generation |
Answer the following questions to help you understand the exercise:
What happened to the frequency of the common allele? â¨
What happened to the frequency of the rare allele? â¨
What happened to the frequency of the common and rare alleles when the starting frequencies were different from yours
What happens to allele frequencies from one generation to the next if there are no evolutionary forces acting on the population? â¨
1. Characters that show a continuous range of variation, such as height and eye color, usually are controlled:
| a. | by a single gene with two alleles that are codominant. |
| b. | by many genes with an additive effect. |
| c. | by epistatic interactions between two genes. |
| d. | mainly by the environment, with only a small genetic component. |
2. In humans, red-green colorblindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. In order for a woman to be red-green colorblind, which of the following statements must be true.
| a. | Her mother must be red-green colorblind. |
| b. | All of her brothers must be red-green colorblind. |
| c. | Her father must be red-green colorblind. |
| d. | All of the above statements must be true if a woman is red-green colorblind. |
3. The x-ray crystallography data collected by Rosalind Franklin suggested to Watson and Crick that the:
| a. | structure of DNA is a double helix. |
| b. | two strands of the DNA molecule are joined by hydrogen bonds between the bases. |
| c. | four bases within DNA pair in a specific way. |
| d. | two strands of the DNA molecule are joined by covalent bonds between the bases. |
4. In the genetic code, _________ one amino acid.
| a. | one nucleotide specifies |
| b. | two nucleotides specify |
| c. | three nucleotides specify |
| d. | four nucleotides specify |
5. During Meiosis I, a homologous pair of chromosomes may not separate, resulting in daughter cells that have extra chromosomes or are missing chromosomes. This can lead to genetic disorders, including Down Syndrome. This phenomenon is called:
| a. | independent assortment. |
| b. | nondisjunction. |
| c. | segregation. |
| d. | crossing over. |
6. You are a human geneticist studying the incidence of retinitis pigmentosa in the residents of Tristan de Cunha, a group of small islands in the middle of the southern Atlantic Ocean. The allele for retinitis pigmentosa, which causes a form of blindness, is inherited as an autosomal recessive. You have determined that the frequency of this allele (r) in the population is 0.4 (40%). Using the principles of the Hardy-Weinberg rule, you would estimate the frequency of individuals who are heterozygous for this allele (Rr) in the population to be:
| a. | 0.16 (16%) |
| b. | 0.24 (24%) |
| c. | 0.36 (36%) |
| d. | 0.48 (48%) |
7. Natural selection acts at the level of the:
| a. | phenotype. |
| b. | gene. |
| c. | population. |
| d. | nucleotide. |
8. You are working with pea plants, trying to recreate the experiments that Mendel performed. You are doing a dihybrid cross with a plant that is heterozygous for both seed shape and seed color, with the genotype RrYy. Which allelic combinations would you expect to find in the gametes produced by this plant?
| a. | This plant would produce only RY and ry gametes. |
| b. | This plant would produce only RrYy gametes. |
| c. | This plant would produce RY, Ry, rY, and ry gametes. |
| d. | You cannot determine which gametes this plant can produce without knowing the genotypes of its parents. |
9. Biochemist Erwin Chargaff found that in DNA there is a special relationship between the four bases that we now call Chargaff's rule. His observation was that, in an organism's genome the:
| a. | percentage of A nucleotides = the percentage of T nucleotides, and the percentage of C nucleotides = the percentage of G nucleotides. |
| b. | four bases all occur in an equal frequency (25%) within each organism. |
| c. | percentage of A nucleotides = the percentage of G nucleotides, and the percentage of C nucleotides = the percentage of T nucleotides. |
| d. | genetic material is composed of proteins, not DNA. |
10. During DNA replication:
| a. | each strand of the double helix acts as a template for the synthesis of a new strand. |
| b. | the enzyme DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the strand being synthesized. |
| c. | the bases A,C,G and T are required. |
| d. | All of the above are true of DNA replication. |
11. During translation, amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to make polypeptides. The formation of these peptide bonds is catalyzed by:
| a. | DNA. |
| b. | mRNA. |
| c. | tRNA. |
| d. | rRNA. |
12. If an allele (R) at a gene with two alleles shows complete dominance, individuals with the genotypes ______ will have the same phenotype.
| a. | RR and rr. |
| b. | RR and Rr |
| c. | Rr and rr |
| d. | Each of the three possible genotypes will have a different phenotype. |
