The reactivity of the alkali metals increase going down the group; however, the reactivities of the halogens decrease going down the group. Why do the reactivities of these two groups differ? Hints: think about the ionization energy and electron affinity trends, and think about how cations and anions form.

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Hydrogen is an unusual element because it behaves in some ways like the alkali metal elements and in other ways like nonmetals. Its properties can be explained in part by its electron configuration and by the values for its ionization energy and electron affinity. (a) Explain why the electron affinity of hydrogen is much closer to the values for the alkali elements than for the halogens. (b) Is the following statement true? “Hydrogen has the smallest bonding atomic radius of any element that forms chemical compounds.” If not, correct it. If it is, explain in terms of electron configurations. (c) Explain why the ionization energy of hydrogen is closer to the values for the halogens than for the alkali metals. (d) The hydride ion is H^–. Write out the process corresponding to the first ionization energy of the hydride ion. (e) How does the process in part (d) compare to the process for the electron affinity of a neutral hydrogen atom?

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(a). What is the trend in electronegativity going from left to right in a row of the periodic table? (b) How do electronegativity values generally vary going down a column in the periodic table? (c) How do periodic trends in electronegativity relate to those for ionization energy and electron affinity?