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17 Nov 2019

**I then need help answering some questions on my alkene hydration lab:

1. List the starting materials, solvent, reagent, and products formed:

2. How long did it take to finish the reaction?

3,What are the TLC values (Rf) for (a) Starting Materials: (b) Products:

4.Write a mechanism for this reaction (Please include formula) :

*Just for additional info, these are the direction at the start of the lab:

For this assignment, the target compound that you should synthesize is 2-methyl-2-pentanol. This is another electrophilic alkene addition reaction. Examine the product to determine the location of the new functionality. Keep in mind that different starting materials may give the same product, but not with the same selectivity. Remember to form the more substituted carbocation intermediate.

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I need help with this lab...

For this assignment, the target compound that you should synthesize is 3-chloro-1-butene. Again, this is an electrophilic alkene addition reaction.Examine the product to determine the location of the new functionality. Keep in mind the nature of the intermediate. The regioselectivity is controlled by the stability of this intermediate. Assume that only one equivalent of reagent is used.

State the starting agents, solvents, and products. What is the main reaction and mechanism? What are the TLC values?

I want another 600 word discussion on 3-methyl-3-pentanol, here is the attached example if you need an idea. I don't want it to be the same.

"Discussion:

In this experiment, the 3-methyl-3-pentanol solution was being used in the dehydration process. The alcohol was a five carbons aliphatic hydrocarbon which one of the hydrogen atoms, H was substituted by one hydroxyl group, OH^-. Due to the low melting point, the pentanol appear in liquid form at room temperature. The dehydration process of alcohol converted pentanol which the hydroxyl group, OH^-was removed to become pentene. Pantene was a five carbons aliphatic hydrocarbon with a single double bond in the molecule. The solution was added with concentrated phosphoric acid in a 5-ml vial and was mixed together by swirling. The phosphoric acid was added as catalyze as such increased the rate of reaction in dehydration without affected the particular chemical reaction. The spin vain added into the solution in order to prevent over boiling of the solution.

The heating of mixture was carried out in a fractional distillation apparatus. As the mixture was heated, the alkene and water were produced as the products in the reaction. Besides, the side product and impurities of the reaction was being produced at the same time. The temperature of mixture when heating was fluctuated. During the temperature 80Â°C, the temperature of mixture dropped suddenly by 2Â°C and the temperature remained at 78Â°C constantly for few seconds. This was because some impurities or side products were being produced in the mixture which might had the boiling point of 78Â°C. The temperature of mixture dropped suddenly because the heat being was absorbed which used to break down the bonding of the side products. When the boiling point was reached, then temperature of mixture remained constant as the state of the side products are converted from liquid form to gaseous form. The temperature of mixture was increased until 107Â°C after all the side products were being converted.The temperature of mixture was reached to maximum at 107Â°C. This temperature was known as the activation temperature which the pentanol started to be dehydrated. In all the distillation process, some of the product was being lost since it washoled up in the apparatus which reduce the product yield. In order to maximize the yield, the mixture was continued to be heated at higher temperature range which more than the boiling point of pentanol. When the mixture was heated at 90Â°C-100Â°C, the water in the mixture pushed over the products into the receiving vial along the condenser. The products produced were collected in the same receiving vial.

Then, the receiving vial containing pentene, water and small amount of the impurities. Two layers liquid were presented in the receiving vial, one drop of distilled water was added into vial in order to determine the location of aqueous layer. Since the water droplet mixed with the lower layer, so the upper layer was determined as cloudy solution while the lower layer was aqueous layer. The upper cloudy layer was pentene with some impurities and water inside. The lower aqueous layer was removed and discarded. But, that is not easy to remove all the water in the receiving vial. So, anhydrous calcium chloride was being added. The purpose of adding of anhydrous calcium chloride was used to remove residual water in the organic solvent. It is known as drying agent in the organic solvent which are not dissolves in the solvent but drying the solvent. The calcium chloride clumped together with the water droplets as it solidified them. In another word, it reacted with water to form hydrates which was their preferred form when water was available. An excess drying agent should be used to ensure that all the water in solvent was removed. If the water remains in the materials collected, it could interfere with the analysis.Water had been successfully removed from the organic compound mixture, so it was very important to not reintroduce water into the mixture. The final distillation of unpurified 3-methyl-3-pentene must be done very carefully to obtain purified products. "

Hello, I need help answering the questions for this experiment, please.

Part A: Microscale Hydration of 2-Ethyl-1-butene Add 2.5 mL of water to a 10-mL round-bottom flask containing a stir bar. Place the flask in a heat block or sand bath at room temperature and carefully add 0.64 g of mercuric acetate with stirring. Stir the mixture until the solid has dissolved. Add 1.0 mL of diethyl ether. Attach a reflux condenser to the flask and adjust the flow of cold water through the condenser. Using a calibrated pipet, measure out 290 Î¼L of 2-ethyl-1- butene in a conical vial and add 1.0 mL of diethyl ether. Use a Pasteur pipet to transfer this solution in small portions to the stirred aqueous solution down through the con- denser. Stir vigorously for 45 minutes. Remove the condenser. Add 1.0 mL of 6 M NaOH to the mixture using a Pasteur pipet, followed by a solution of 0.50 g of sodium borohydride in 2.0 mL of 3 M NaOH. Stir the mixture vigorously for 15 minutes. A mercury precipitate should form at the bottom of the flask. Remove the apparatus from the heat block or sand bath and remove the condenser. Allow the precipitate to settle. Use a Pasteur filter pipet to transfer the supernatant liquid (both layers) to a centrifuge tube. Set aside the mercury and mercuric salts for proper disposal. Transfer the lower aque- ous layer to a second centrifuge tube. Place the diethyl ether layer in a 5-mL conical vial. Add 1 mL of diethyl ether to the aqueous solution in the centrifuge tube. Cap and swirl gen- tly. Carefully remove most of the ether layer and add it to the ether solution in the conical vial. Repeat the extraction with a second portion of 1 mL of diethyl ether. Add the ether layer to the ether solution in the conical vial and add a small portion of anhydrous sodium sulfate. After a few minutes use a Pasteur filter pipet to transfer the solution to a tared 5-mL conical vial containing a boiling chip. If doing IR characterization (below), put a few drops on a salt plate and run the IR spectrum now. Evaporate the diethyl ether using a heat block, a sand bath, or water bath (40â45Â°C). Weigh the vial to determine the weight of the prod-uct. Keep the vial capped during analysis because the product is volatile.

Characterization for Part A Gas-liquid Chromatography: Using a 10-Î¼L syringe, remove a 1-Î¼L aliquot and inject it onto a moderately polar or polar GC column. One or more peaks may be recorded on the chromatogram including a peak for any remaining solvent and peaks for any remaining starting material and product(s). Authentic samples of potential products (if available) and starting material should be used as standards. Refractive Index: Use a few drops of product to determine the refractive index and apply the appropriate temperature correction. 3-Methyl-3-pentanol has an RI (nD) of 1.419020, and 2-ethyl-1-butanol has an RI (nD) of 1.422020. Infrared Spectroscopy (optional): Transfer 2â3 drops of the diethyl ether solution con- taining the product(s) to a salt plate, and press a second plate against the first to spread out the liquid. Remove the plates from one another briefly and press together a second time. The liquid remaining should now be free or nearly free of diethyl ether. Obtain the IR spec- trum. Compare the spectrum to authentic 3-methyl-3-propanol (a tertiary alcohol) and 2- ethyl-1-butanol (a primary alcohol). 3-Methyl-3-pentanol shows strong C O absorption at 1380, 970, and 900 cmâ1; these bands are not present in 2-ethyl-1-butanol.

Results and Conclusions for Part A

1. Identify each of the peaks by comparison of GC retention times of observed peaks with standards.

2. Measure the areas of the peaks in the chromatogram to calculate the mass percent. The correction factors for the alcohol and the starting alkene are approximately equal.

3. Determine the extent of conversion of 2-ethyl-1-butene to alcohol.

4. Write a detailed mechanism for the formation of the observed product(s). 5. Using your mechanism from above, explain the predominance of the observed product.

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