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5. Distinguish between explicit and implicit costs, giving examplesof each. What are the explicit and implicit costs of attendingcollege? Why does the economist classify normal profit as a cost?Is economic profit a cost of production?

6. What is a sunk cost? Provide an example of a sunk cost otherthan one found in the text. Why are such costs irrelevant in makingdecisions about future actions?

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manhokwe tawandaLv10
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions

Question 3

We saw in class that the same good can fall in different categories (public/private/club/common resource) depending on circumstances. An example of such a good would be watching a movie at the theater. If a lot of people want to watch it, the movie is a _________. If very few people want to watch it (to the point where a room could not even be filled), the movie is likely to be a _______.

A. a common resource; a public good

B. a public good; a common resource

C. a private good; a club good

D. a club good; a private good

3 points

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the free-rider problem is not true?

A. Individuals have an incentive to free-ride when the good is not excludable.

B. The kinds of goods for which the free rider problem arises are common resources and public good.

C. Markets for goods for which there is a free-rider problem are inefficient because not enough of the good is produced.

D. Goods for which the free-rider problem exists tend to be over provided relative to what would be optimal.

4 points

Question 5

To achieve the efficient provision of public goods, the

A. market should be allowed to operate without government intervention.

B. government must limit the provision of those goods.

C. government must tax producers of those goods.

D. government must either provide those goods or subsidize their production.

3 points

Question 6

Which of the following statements about public goods is not true?

A. Because people cannot be excluded from their consumption and thus have no incentive to pay for them, public goods are underprovided by the market.

B. Efficiency requires that the government provide or fund (subsidize) the provision of all public goods.

C. Efficiency requires that the government provide or fund only the public goods that create more benefits than costs to society.

D. In reality, it is hard to provide public goods efficiently.

3 points

Question 7

Public goods must be provided by the government as the market on its own will fail to provide them. However, even with government provision it is very hard to achieve efficiency. Why?

A. In reality, it is very hard (if not impossible) to accurately estimate the benefits of providing a public good.

B. A. In reality, there can be overruns in the cost of providing the public good.

C. Government decisions about which public goods to provide can be influenced by lobbying by interest groups.

D. All of the above are true.

4 points

Question 8

Which of the following is not a common resource?

A. congested roads

B. clean water

C. wild life, which hunters want to hunt and others want to view.

D. a fireworks display.

3 points

Question 9

Many species of animals must be protected by law to keep them from extinction. Why are cows not one of these endangered species even though there is such a high demand for beef?

A. Cows reproduce at a high rate and have adapted well to their environment.

B. Public policies protect cows from predators and diseases.

C. Cows are privately owned (private goods), whereas many endangered species are owned by no one (common resources).

D.There is a natural ecological balance between the birth rate of cows and human consumption.

3 points

Question 10

Which of the following statements about common resources is not true?

A. Due to the free-rider problem, common resources tend to be overused.

B. Because there is rivalry in the consumption of common resources, whenever one person uses a common resource it is imposing a negative externality on others who might also want to use it.

C. There are no private solutions to the management of common resources.

D. One of the solutions that ensures that common resources are properly managed is their privatization.

3 points

Question 11

In our analysis of the firmรขย€ย™s behavior and goals, when we talk about cost, we include _________, and when we talk about profit, we mean ________.

A. Explicit costs only; economic profit

B. Implicit costs only; economic profit

C. Implicit costs only; accounting profit

D. Explicit + implicit costs; economic profit

E. Explicit + implicit costs; accounting profit

3 points

Question 12

One of the differences between explicit and implicit costs is that

A. explicit costs must be greater than implicit costs.

B. explicit costs do not require a direct monetary outlay, whereas implicit costs do.

C. implicit costs do not require a direct monetary outlay, whereas explicit costs do.

D. implicit costs must be greater than explicit costs.

3 points

Question 13

Which of the following is FALSE:

A. If accounting profit is zero, then economic profit is negative

B. Economic profit takes cost the opportunity cost of time and capital into account

C. Economic Profit = Accounting Profit + Implicit Cost

D. Economic Profit = Accounting Profit รขย€ย“ Implicit Cost

3 points

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of an implicit cost?

(i) the owner of a firm forgoing an opportunity to earn a large salary working in Wall Street

(ii) interest paid on the firm's debt

(iii) rent paid by the firm to lease office space

A. (ii) and (iii) only

B. (i) and (iii) only

C. (i) only

D. (iii) only

3 points

The difference between total revenue and total cost is _______________________________

20. . A perfectly competitive firm is definitely earning an economic profit when: ________________

A) MR > MC. B) P > ATC. C) P > MC. D) P > AVC.

-Suppose that a business incurred implicit costs of $200,000 and explicit costs of $1 million in a specific year. If the firm sold 4,000 units of its output at $300 per unit, its accounting profits are:_________________________________________________

-For the economist, total cost includes______________________________ for an economic profit

-Assume the XYZ Corporation is producing 20 units of output. It is selling this output in a purely competitive market at $10 per unit. Its total fixed costs are $100 and its average variable cost is $3 at 20 units of output. This corporation accounting profit is:_______________________________________________________________

-Identify the following market structure

-A market with no close substitutes ____________________________________

-A market that focuses on differentiated products_______________________

-A market with one seller______________________________

-A market where there is collusion________________________

-A market that involves the auto industry_____________________

-A market where you are a price taker_____________________________

-A market where advertising is a strong incentive____________________

Why can fixed costs be considered as an entry fee?


  1. Complete Table 1. Summarize your calculations and use Microsoft Excel.


  1. Using Excel, draw one graph showing average fixed costs, average variable costs, average total costs, marginal revenue, and marginal costs.


  1. Using the data in the table and on your graph, what is the profit maximizing, or loss minimizing level of output? Explain and justify your answers.


  1. What is a normal profit? What is an economic profit? Explain your answer using examples. Are normal profits being earned in this example? Are economic profits present for this firm in this example? Explain your answers.


  1. Given the data in the table and the graph, how could you determine or identify the optimal plant size?


  1. What is the difference between explicit and implicit cost? Explain your answers.


  1. How would we determine if a cost is a fixed cost or a variable cost?

Output

Average Fixed cost Average Variable Cost Average Total Cost Marginal Cost Price Total Revenue Marginal Revenue
0 $ 345.00
1 $ 180.00 $ 135.00 $ 315.00 $ 300.00
2 $ 90.00 $ 127.50 $ 217.50 $ 249.00
3 $ 60.00 $ 120.00 $ 180.00 $ 213.00
4 $ 45.00 $ 112.50 $ 157.50 $ 189.00
5 $ 36.00 $ 111.00 $ 147.00 $ 165.00
6 $ 30.00 $ 112.50 $ 142.50 $ 144.00
7 $ 25.71 $ 115.70 $ 141.41 $ 126.00
8 $ 22.50 $ 121.90 $ 144.40 $ 111.00
9 $ 20.00 $ 130.00 $ 150.00 $ 99.00
10 $ 18.00 $ 139.50 $ 157.50 $ 87.00


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