Log in
Biology
2
answers
0
watching
16
views
11 Dec 2019

Choose the correct statement that refers to either beneficial or pathogenic microbes:
All microbes are beneficial but some are considered pathogenic because the host immune system does not recognize it.
All microbes are pathogenic but we still tolerate some species without showing disease symptoms.
Beneficial microbes develop a symbiotic relationship with the host and pathogenic microbes do not and cause disease symptoms in the host.
Pathogenic bacteria help hosts utilize food sources, which they are not normally able to use.

Watch
2
answers
0
watching
16
views

For unlimited access to Homework Help, a Homework+ subscription is required.

Unlock all answers

Get 1 free homework help answer.
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Elin Hessel
Elin HesselLv2
13 Dec 2019
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share

Related textbook solutions

Molecular Cell Biology
8 Edition,
Lodish
ISBN: 9781464183393
Biology: Science for Life with Physiology
6 Edition,
Belk
ISBN: 9780134555430
Biology
2nd Edition, 2013
Openstax
ISBN: 9781947172517
Concepts of Biology
OER Edition,
Openstax
ISBN: 9781938168116
Essentials of Biology
5 Edition,
Mader
ISBN: 9781259660269

Related questions

1. Select which of the following are mechanisms used by pathogens to avoid host defenses and to successfully colonize the host.

A. Producing siderphores to obtain iron from the host for growth

B. producing adhesins for damaging host cells

C. Avoiding IgA proteases for avoiding secretory IgA

D. Avoiding secretory IgA by rapid turnover of pili

E. Producing toxic substances to suppress host responses

2. People considered obese have a different normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract compared to people who are considered lean.

A. true

B. false

3. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by pathogens for avoiding or surviving phagocytosis?

A. Killing macrophages and neutrophils

B. Colonizing the phagocyte

C. inhibiting opsonization

D. Inhibiting phagocte chemotaxis

E. these are all methods of avoiding or surviving phagocytosis

4.Which of the following immune responses is best suited to prevent a virus from infecting a cell?

A. complement cascade

B. inflammation

C. Virus-specific antibodies

D. Fever

E. phagocytic cells

5. Which of the following is NOT a method used by pathogens for penetrating skin or mucous membranes?

A. Injection of effector proteins that induce endocytosis

B. Exploiting antigen-sampling processes

C. these are all mechanisms for penetrating skin or mucous membranes

D. Exploiting an injury

E. Production of endotoxin

6. Antibodies, which are produced as part of the adaptive immune response, can sometimes be damaging rather than beneficial. People suffering from an autoimmune disease called antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) make antibodies that bind to phospholipids. Some of the signs and symptoms affected individuals experience are blood clots, stroke, heart attack, and kidney damage. What is the likely cause of these symptoms?

A. the anti-phospholipid antibodies cuse immune complexes that lodge in the affected organs

B. The person fails to make protective antibodies

C. The anti-phospholipid antibodies weaken certain organs that contain fat

D. the person makes antibodies that bind inappropriately to bacterial capsules, preventing phagocytosis of these cells

E. Cell damage caused by binding of these antibodies initates inappropriate coagulation events which inferfere with blood flow in affected organs.

7. Only Gram-positive bacteria produce exotoxins

A. true

B. False

8. Which of the following members of the normal microbiota inhibit the growth of Candida albicans?

A. Lactobacilus species

B. Staphylococci species

C. E. coli

D. Neisseria species

E. Propionibacterium species

9. Would an antibody response against the B subunit of an A-B toxin protect against the effects of the toxin?

A. yes. if antibodies bind to the B protion, the toxin can no longer bind to target cells and will thus not affect those cells

B. No, even if antibodies bindto the B portion of the toxin, it is the A portion that actually causes damage to the cell

C. This question cannot be answer. The immune system does not mount a strong response against proteins, so this situation is unlikely to occur.

D. Yes, if antibodies bind to the B protein, that portion of the toxin does not become activated, and thus does not damage the host cell

E. No, even if antiibodies bind to the B portion of the toxin, the toxin is still taken into the host cell by phagocytosis, damaging that cell

10. Please select the correct definition of balanced pathogenicity.

A. A host-parasite relationship in which the parasite persists in the host, causing maximal harm. The pathogen becomes more virulent while the host becomes increasingly susceptible.

B. A mechanism that allows bacteria to transfer gene products directly into host cells, inducing changes such as altering the cell's cytoskeleton structure

C. A generated balance in the microbiome that may be caused by taking antimicrobial medication. it generally helps the host maintain optimal health

D. A situation in which an abnormally high number of T-helper cells are stimulated, causing a massive release of cytokines.

E. A host-parasite relationship in which the parasite persists in the host while causing minimal harm. The pathogen becomes less virulent while the host becomes less susceptible

11. Bacteria may survive phagocytosis by

A. preventing encounters with phagocytes AND preventing fusion of two pathogosomes

B. avoiding recognition and attachment of lymphocytes AND lysinf the phagosomes

C. preventing fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome AND mimicking host molecules

D. lysing the phagosome AND mimicking host molecules

E. preventing fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome AND lysing the phagosome

1. Select which of the following are mechanisms used by pathogens to avoid host defenses and to successfully colonize the host.

A. Producing siderphores to obtain iron from the host for growth

B. producing adhesins for damaging host cells

C. Avoiding IgA proteases for avoiding secretory IgA

D. Avoiding secretory IgA by rapid turnover of pili

E. Producing toxic substances to suppress host responses

2. People considered obese have a different normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract compared to people who are considered lean.

A. true

B. false

3. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by pathogens for avoiding or surviving phagocytosis?

A. Killing macrophages and neutrophils

B. Colonizing the phagocyte

C. inhibiting opsonization

D. Inhibiting phagocte chemotaxis

E. these are all methods of avoiding or surviving phagocytosis

4.Which of the following immune responses is best suited to prevent a virus from infecting a cell?

A. complement cascade

B. inflammation

C. Virus-specific antibodies

D. Fever

E. phagocytic cells

5. Which of the following is NOT a method used by pathogens for penetrating skin or mucous membranes?

A. Injection of effector proteins that induce endocytosis

B. Exploiting antigen-sampling processes

C. these are all mechanisms for penetrating skin or mucous membranes

D. Exploiting an injury

E. Production of endotoxin

6. Antibodies, which are produced as part of the adaptive immune response, can sometimes be damaging rather than beneficial. People suffering from an autoimmune disease called antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) make antibodies that bind to phospholipids. Some of the signs and symptoms affected individuals experience are blood clots, stroke, heart attack, and kidney damage. What is the likely cause of these symptoms?

A. the anti-phospholipid antibodies cuse immune complexes that lodge in the affected organs

B. The person fails to make protective antibodies

C. The anti-phospholipid antibodies weaken certain organs that contain fat

D. the person makes antibodies that bind inappropriately to bacterial capsules, preventing phagocytosis of these cells

E. Cell damage caused by binding of these antibodies initates inappropriate coagulation events which inferfere with blood flow in affected organs.

7. Only Gram-positive bacteria produce exotoxins

A. true

B. False

8. Which of the following members of the normal microbiota inhibit the growth of Candida albicans?

A. Lactobacilus species

B. Staphylococci species

C. E. coli

D. Neisseria species

E. Propionibacterium species

9. Would an antibody response against the B subunit of an A-B toxin protect against the effects of the toxin?

A. yes. if antibodies bind to the B protion, the toxin can no longer bind to target cells and will thus not affect those cells

B. No, even if antibodies bindto the B portion of the toxin, it is the A portion that actually causes damage to the cell

C. This question cannot be answer. The immune system does not mount a strong response against proteins, so this situation is unlikely to occur.

D. Yes, if antibodies bind to the B protein, that portion of the toxin does not become activated, and thus does not damage the host cell

E. No, even if antiibodies bind to the B portion of the toxin, the toxin is still taken into the host cell by phagocytosis, damaging that cell

10. Please select the correct definition of balanced pathogenicity.

A. A host-parasite relationship in which the parasite persists in the host, causing maximal harm. The pathogen becomes more virulent while the host becomes increasingly susceptible.

B. A mechanism that allows bacteria to transfer gene products directly into host cells, inducing changes such as altering the cell's cytoskeleton structure

C. A generated balance in the microbiome that may be caused by taking antimicrobial medication. it generally helps the host maintain optimal health

D. A situation in which an abnormally high number of T-helper cells are stimulated, causing a massive release of cytokines.

E. A host-parasite relationship in which the parasite persists in the host while causing minimal harm. The pathogen becomes less virulent while the host becomes less susceptible

11. Bacteria may survive phagocytosis by

A. preventing encounters with phagocytes AND preventing fusion of two pathogosomes

B. avoiding recognition and attachment of lymphocytes AND lysinf the phagosomes

C. preventing fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome AND mimicking host molecules

D. lysing the phagosome AND mimicking host molecules

E. preventing fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome AND lysing the phagosome

12. In two of Koch's postulates (#2 and #3), a pure culture of the organism is required. Which of the following would NOT be a possible consequence of using a contaminated culture?

A. these would all be consequences of using contaminated cultures

B. Even though there's a contaminating microbe present, as long as the original suspect microbe is also present, the disease should still manifest in test animals and the organism should still be recoverable from test animals. As such, there's really no consequence to using a contaminated culture

C. The problem is that one microbe may be toxic to other. It may have killed all of your suspect microbe in the culture. Therefore, you can't be sure that you're infecting your test animals with the microbe you suspect is causing the illness, or if it's only the sec. microbe.

D. you can't necessarily attribute the illness directly to the microbe in question; it may in fact be caused by the contaminating microbe

E. There's the possibility that the test animal might be acutely susceptible to the contaminating microbe, but completely resistant to the microbe you suspect causes the illness of interest. As such, when you introduce it into the test animal, it could confuse your final results.

QuestionGroup: #51 Innate immune 1

Assigned as

Homework

51

What is the name of a chemical substance responsible for stimulating an immune response?

A

Pathogen

B

Rotomers

C

Antigen

D

Antibody

E

Troll receptor

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #52 Innate immune2

Assigned as

Homework

52

What is the purpose of secondary metabolites produced by normal flora in your body?

A

To aid T cells in fighting local infection

B

To kill infected B cells

C

To help balance electrolytes

D

To inhibit adhesion, and growth of the certain microbes

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #53 Innate immune3

Assigned as

Homework

53

The lysozyme removes most bacteria in our foods through the saliva in our mouth, how does it do this?

A

The lysozyme attacks the bacteria through the blood.

B

The lysozyme are not strong enough to get rid of bacteria.

C

The lysozyme breaks down the polysaccharide walls of different bacteria.

D

The lysozyme will tell your body to get rid of the bacteria by vomiting.

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #54 Adapt immune 1

Assigned as

Homework

54

In adaptive immunology, the key component is which of the following?

A

Antigen trigger the the production of vaccines.

B

Antibodies will trigger responses in the antigen which will cause an inflamation.

C

Antigens trigger responses of the antibodies which will recognize the antigen.

D

Antibodies will be able to recognize other antibodies and destroy them.

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #55 Adapt immune2

Assigned as

Homework

55

An autoimmune induced disorder is...?

A

When the body's immune system attacks a tissue or organ in the body

B

When the immune system is not present

C

When the body attacks the antigens and antibodies of the immune system

D

When the autonomic nervous system attacks the antigen and antibodies of the immune system

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #56 Adapt immune3

Assigned as

Homework

56

Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins and constitute part of the blood proteins. How do antibodies work?

A

Agglutination-- they just clump with each other (blocking antigen)

B

Precipitation-- force insolubility and settled out of solution along with antigens

C

Complement fixation-- proteins attach to antigen surface (causing cell lysis)

D

Neutralization-- bind to specific sites to prevent antigen attachment

E

All of the above

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #57 Infectious disease

Assigned as

Homework

57

The most deadly STD is HIV, but many other viruses can be deadly. Name the most common sexually transmitted infection.

A

Genital human parisis virus (GHPV)

B

Herpes Simplex

C

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

D

Human pappathe virus tentis (HPVT)

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #58 Infectious disease2

Assigned as

Homework

58

Microbes have developed an array of weapons to be able to go from host to host. These virulent factors are divided into several groups, but one important group is the one produced by bacteria. Name the subgroups within this bacterial group.

A

Retretoxin and maitotoxin

B

Retretoxin and butotoxin

C

Endotoxins and exotoxins

D

Lipotoxin and exotoxin

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #59 Infectious disease3

Assigned as

Homework

59

Sexually transmitted diseases are very successful at spreading from one person to another. Name one important reason for this fact.

A

Mucous membranes use B cells only and are resistant to antigens

B

Mucous membranes in the sex organs differ from those of the skin in that they allow certain pathogens into the body

C

STDs are transmitted through sex only

D

STDs are usually caused by viruses

Unanswered

Submit

QuestionGroup: #60 HIV/ AIDS

Assigned as

Homework

60

HIV has which of the following characteristics?

A

It has an enzyme called reverse transcriptase which causes the DNA to reverse the nucleotide sequence in messenger RNA.

B

It is a retrovirus meaning that it reverses the order of protein production in that the virus affects the DNA in the cell to make the protein.

C

It is an anti-retrovirus meaning that it attacks the DNA causing the development of new HIV particles.

D

It has a short incubation period which means that the symptoms show up also immediately after infection.

Weekly leaderboard

Home
Homework Help 3,900,000
Biology 460,000
Start filling in the gaps now
Log in