BI111 Study Guide - Meristem, Vascular Cambium, Xylem

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skydolphin696

20 Apr 2013

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Photosynthetic autotroph: a photosynthetic organism that uses light as it"s energy source and carbon dioxide as its carbon source. Organ: two or more different tissues integrated into a structure that carries out a specific function. Tissue: a group of cells and intercellular substances with the same structure that function as a unit to carry out one or more specialized tasks. Totipotency: the ability to develop into any type of cells. Indeterminate growth: growth that is not limited by the organism"s genetic program, so that the organism grows for as long as it lives; typical of many plants. Meristem: an undifferentiated permanently embryonic plant tissue that gives rise to new cells forming tissues and organs. Xylem: the plant vascular tissue that distributes water and nutrients. Phloem: the food conducting tissue of the vascular plant. Tracheid: a conducting cell of xylem, usually elongated and tapered. Vessel members/elements: any of the short cells joined end to end in tube-like columns in the xylem.

Related Questions

The water-transporting cells of xylem tissue are tracheids and vessel members?

How is the structure of tracheids similar to the structure of vessel members?

How is the structure of tracheids different from the structure of vessel members?

How is the structure of both tracheids and vessel members related to their ability to serve as efficient water-conduction cells?

Sieve tube members are the conducting cells of phloem, specialized for the transport of metabolites within a plant. In what way do sieve tube members differ from a "typical" plant cell?

How do these differences improve the ability of sieve tube members to serve as efficient metabolite-conducting cells?

What is a companion cell, and what is its function?

To what tissue system does each of the following belong - tracheids, vessel members, sieve tube members, and companion cells?

The epidermis is a primary dermal tissue and the periderm is a secondary dermal tissue. Describe the most common cell types found in each of these tissues.

Both the epidermis and the periderm need to perform the same basic functions. What are those functions?

How does the structure of the epidermis contribute to those functions?

How does the structure of the periderm contribute to those functions?

What are guard cells?

How does the structure of guard cells differ from the structure of other epidermal cells?

What is the function of guard cells?

What are trichomes? What functions might trichomes perform?

What is a lenticel?

Describe its structure and function. Describe, in detail, the arrangement of primary tissues in a dicot stem. How does the arrangement of tissues in a monocot stem compare to that of dicot stems â how is it the same, how is it different?

The cortex region and the pith region of a dicot stem typically have different functions. What is the most common function of each region?

What type of tissue is each composed of?

In what types of plants does secondary growth occur?

In what plant organs does secondary growth occur?

Describe where lateral meristems form at the start of secondary growth in a stem.

Describe how the single layer of vascular cambium can produce both secondary xylem and secondary phloem.

What is wood?

bark?

early wood vs. late wood?

What allows the different layers of growth occurring each year to be visible to the human eye?

What is the function of mesophyll tissue?

What are the two types of mesophyll tissue in a typical dicot leaf?

How do these differ from each other with respect to location within the leaf, cell arrangement,

Directions: Write out your answers in the word document and then copy and paste everything into the text box. If you do not include the question along with your answer, you will be marked down.

1. What would happen if you put pGLO directly onto an agar plate and you checked on it after letting it incubate?

a. It would glow

b. It would grow

c. Nothing

d. E.Coli would grow

2. Explain in a short sentence or two your reasoning for question 1.

3. What shape is a plasmid?

4. How is a plasmid different from human DNA? Write one difference.

5. Bacteria can share DNA through a unique method called transformation. What are the TWO requirements a bacteria cell must possess in order to share DNA with another bacteria cell?

6. Why during our experiment did we put our e.Coli with pGLO inserted in it onto agar plates with ampicillin (Amp)?

a. So that it would kill the e.Coli and serve as our control

b. To kill all the e.Coli that did not take up the pGLO

c. To create antibiotic resistant bacteria

d. To cause the e.Coli to glow

7. Yeast cells are what type of cell?

a. Bacteria

b. Eukaryotes

c. Prokaryotes

d. Archaea

8. Why would someone study yeast cells instead of human cells?

9. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: If your cells is exposed to UV light and it causes a thymidine dimer, your cell is doomed to die.

10. Are wildtype (control) yeast immune to UV light damage?

11. BTB was a dye we used to directly measure ________

a. PH

b. Oxygen

c. Carbon Dioxide

d. Carbon

12. BTB was a dye we used to INDIRECTLY measure ________

a. PH

b. Oxygen

c. Carbon Dioxide

d. Carbon

13. What is one reason why a plant would want to close its stomata?

14. What is one function that ground tissues provides for a plant?

15. List one difference between monocots and dicots

16. Why is it important for a plant to have stomata? Write one reason why

17. What is the purpose of xylem in a plant cell?

18. Pholem is also important to plant cells, what is itâs purpose?

19. This theory explains why trees can grow to such tall heights and still provide water to their leaves.

a. Translocation

b. Transpiration

c. Cohesion-Tension

d. Vacuum

20. Fill in the blank

Pholem is considered to be a(n) _________ transport system while xylem is considered a(n) _______________transport system.

21. Apical meristems are found in these two places on a plant

a. At the site of new leaf growth and the roots closes to the top of the soil

b. Vascular tissue and ground tissue

c. Ground tissue and dermal tissue

d. The point of new growth on the stem and root

22. Fill in the blank.

Xylem moves substances _____ while phloem moves substances _____ a plant.

23. What are the two types of digestive mechanisms?

24. What is one benefit that mastication has for digestion?

25. What is an example of an organism that digests food intracellularly?

26. What is an example of an organism that digests food extracellularly?

27. Give two examples of where surface area is increased in a small space to aid in absorption within the human body

28. Name one difference between arteries and veins.

29. What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

30. How are the terms âexcretionâ and âdefecationâ different?

31. What is the role of the ADH hormone?

32. What does the term âMedullaâ refer to when talking about mammalian tissue?

a. The outer edges of a tissue

b. The middle of a tissue

c. The top of a tissue

d. The bottom of a tissue

33. Fill in the blank

Mammals have a _______ circulatory system while insects have a _______ circulatory system.

34. What is one benefit a closed circulatory system provides?

35. What is hemolymph?

1. When does differentiation begin in fruit fly (insects)?

a. Prior to fertilization

b. Just after fertilization, but before any cell divisions takeplace

c. Just after the first cell division

d. At the blastula stage

e. At the globular embryo stage

2. When does differentiation begin in frog (vertebrates)?

a. Prior to fertilization

b. Just after fertilization, but before any cell divisions takeplace

c. Just after the first cell division

d. At the blastula stage

e. At the globular embryo stage

3. When does differentiation begin in flowering plants?

a. Prior to fertilization

b. Just after fertilization, but before any cell divisions takeplace

c. Just after the first cell division

d. At the blastula stage

e. At the globular embryo stage

4. Which axis develops first in animals, anterior-posterior(A-P) or dorsal-ventral (D-V)?

a. A-P

b. D-V

c. They develop at the same time.

d. They are controlled by the same transcription factors at thesame time.

5. Which axis develops first in plants, anterior-posterior ordorsal-ventral?

a. A-P

b. D-V

c. They develop at the same time.

d. Plants only develop A-P, and with respect to gravity andlight.

6. Focusing in on A-P development in Drosophila, maternaltranscription factors produce

proteins that control axis development in what order?

a. bicoid and nanos proteins; caudal and hunchback proteins; gapand pair-rule

proteins

b. caudal and hunchback proteins; bicoid and nanos proteins; gapand pair-rule

proteins

c. gap and pair-rule proteins; bicoid and nanos proteins; caudaland hunchback

proteins

d. gap and pair-rule proteins; caudal and hunchback proteins;bicoid and nanos

proteins

7. What ultimately controls pattern formation in Drosophila?

a. Morphogen gradients and signaling molecules under maternalcontrol

b. Morphogen gradients and signaling molecules under embryoniccontrol

c. De-repressors and signaling molecules under maternalcontrol

d. De-repressors and signaling molecules under embryoniccontrol

PLANT STRUCTURE, CELLS, CELL WALLS, PLASMODESMATA

8. Which of the following cannot be found in leaves?

a. Xylem

b. Phloem

c. Mesophyll

d. Parenchyma

e. Apical meristem

9. What are intercalary meristems?

a. Meristems that develop between internodes in some plants

b. Meristems that develop primary meristematic tissues

c. Meristems that are responsible for secondary growth in woodyplants

d. Root meristems

10. Roots, shoots, and leaves all contain three basic tissuesystems. What are they?

a. Ground, structural, conductive

b. Ground, vascular, dermal

c. Vascular, dermal, structural

d. Conductive, transmissive, supportive

11. All growth in plants is due to

a. Cell division in the three basic tissue systems andsubsequent cell elongation

b. Cell division at meristems and subsequent cell elongation

c. Cell division as needed throughout the plant body, followedby cell elongation

d. Hormone-induced cell division throughout the plant body

12. Which plant cells are dead at maturity, although stillproviding some useful function?

a. Dermal

b. Ground

c. Xylem

d. Phloem

e. Lateral meristems

13. Which meristems are responsible for lateral growth (increasein girth)?

a. Apical meristem

b. Root meristem

c. Vascular and bark cambium

d. Intercalary meristem

14. Where are most guard cells generally located in vascularplants?

a. Stem dermal tissue

b. Root dermal tissue

c. Petiole dermal tissue

d. Undersides of leaves

e. Uppersides of leaves

15. How can you distinguish guard cells from non-guardcells?

a. They contain mitochondria

b. They contain chloroplasts

c. They do not have plasmodesmata

d. They have plasmodesmata

e. B and C

PINs, IAA, ACID GROWTH

16. What are PINs?

a. Plasma membrane transport inhibitors

b. Auxin efflux transporters for active transport across plasmamembranes

c. Growth regulators

d. Hormones

e. Membrane transport proteins for embryogenesis

17. What is IAA?

a. Cytokinen

b. Gibberellic acid

c. Florigen

d. Auxin

e. Abscissic acid

18. Which hormone can trigger cell wall expansion?

a. Cytokinen

b. Gibberellic acid

c. Florigen

d. Auxin

e. Abscissic acid

19. Which ion is used by plants to decrease pH and activateenzymes that break cress-bridges

between cellulose fibers for cell wall expansion?

a. Na

b. K

c. Cl

d. H

e. Mg

20. Where do the ions come from to cause acidification of thecell wall?

a. Apoplast

b. Cytoplasm

c. Chloroplasts

d. Mitochondria

e. Vacuole

PLANT EMBRYOGENESIS, SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM (SAM), ROOT APICALMERISTEM

(RAM)

21. The first cell division in a plant zygote isasymmetrical.

a. True

b. False

22. At what stage of embryogenesis do PIN proteins firstinfluence orientation of the root-shoot

axis?

a. First cell division

b. Second cell division

c. 8-cell stage

d. Globular stage

e. Heart-shaped stage

23. Which hormone most strongly affects cell division inembryos?

a. IAA

b. GA

c. Ethylene

d. AA

e. CK

24. How do the major tissue systems in plants become establishedin developing embryo?

a. Anticlinal cell divisions

b. Periclinal cell divisions

c. All of the above

d. None of the above

STEM/ROOT PRIMARY, SECONDARY GROWTH

25. Fifteen years ago, your parent hung a swing from the lowerbranch of a tree in your yard. It is at the exact same height as itwas then. Why isn

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BI111 Study Guide - Meristem, Vascular Cambium, Xylem

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