GEO 131 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Mudstone, Seafloor Spreading, Calcite
5 Sep 2013
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Document Summary
Hydrogen and helium make up most of the mass of the universe first three plants: heavier elements such as iron, nickel, magnesium, aluminum, silicon. 30% of the earth"s surface is covered by substrates. Tectonic forces are associated with crustal movements and other processes that cause structural deformation of rocks and minerals. Earthquakes and volcanoes are caused by the movement of plate tectonics. Meteorites, glaciation are associated with climatic cooling. Meteorites: 96% of earth"s biodiversity was wiped out in the permian period and. 76% of species became extinct in the cambrian period. New crust forms where there is an upwelling of magma from the upper mantle. Magma rises, solidifies to the surface then extends laterally in a process known as sea floor spreading subduction of the sea floor: re-melted and convected laterally. Mountain building is caused by crustal materials being pushed upward as continents collide with each other and with their underlying oceanic plates.
