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BIOL 112 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Pentose, Guanine, Adenine

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tealspider154
21 Oct 2013
School
UBC
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 112
Professor
Karen Smith

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BIOL 112 Full Course Notes
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BIOL 112 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary

The process by which two cells arise from one is known as. D. all of the above: generation time. Growth is defined as an increase in the number of cells. the size of individual organisms. the life span of individual cells. the number of colonies present in a culture. When the population doubles during a constant time interval, the growth is said to be : exponential growth. Which growth phase has the largest increase in cell numbers per unit of time? death phase lag phase stationary phase exponential phase. Polar attractions are (a) forces between atoms with partial charges. (b) weaker than covalent bonds. (c) important because they are numerous. (a) and (b) are true. (c) is false. (a), (b), and (c) are correct. Polar attractions occur between atoms with partial charges and are weaker than covalent bonds. Still, they"re important because so many of them occur in living cells.

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Related Questions

Viable cell counts are often performed on exponentially growing cells in order to relate the absorbance reading (AU) with actual cell number. For this purpose, a sample of the culture is removed during the exponential phase after the absorbance reading is recorded. Spread plates are prepared in order to perform a viable cell count. The goal is to have a spread plate containing between 30 and 300 cells (colonies) when plating a volume of 0.1 ml (100 μl). To determine the correct dilution, you will need to estimate the number of cells/ml present from the AU (absorbance units) value of your sample. For this calculation, we will assume that 1 AU is equivalent to 107 cells /ml. So:

AU of sample x [(107 cells/ml)/1 AU] x 0.1 ml plated = total # of cells expected


You want to calculate two different dilutions that will give you between 30 and 300 colonies (cells). In order to determine the maximum dilution factor, divide the total # of expected cells by 30. In order to determine the minimum dilution factor, divide the total # of expected cells by 300. For example if the AU was 0.3, the total number of expected cells would be 3.0 x 105. In this case the maximum dilution factor would be 104 (3.0 x 105/30) or a dilution of 10-4 and should produce approximately 30 colonies. The minimum dilution factor would be 103 (3.0 x 105/300) or a dilution of 10-3, which should produce ~300 colonies. Since performing a single dilution of 10-4 or 10-3 would be highly inaccurate, serial dilutions are performed. Typically, the spread plates are prepared in duplicate for greater accuracy.

QUESTION 1:

You have removed a volume of a culture of E. coli during exponential growth in order to measure the viable cell count. If the absorbance reading was 0.3, estimate the maximum dilution factor you would need in order to obtain between 30 and 300 colonies on a plate spread with 0.1 ml of the dilution. Assume that there are 107 cells/ml in one absorbance unit.

QUESTION 2:

You have removed a volume of a culture of E. coli during exponential growth in order to measure the viable cell count. If the absorbance reading was 0.3, estimate the minimum dilution factor you would need in order to obtain between 30 and 300 colonies on a plate spread with 0.1 ml of the dilution. Assume that there are 107 cells/ml in one absorbance unit. ​

Determining Dilution Scheme




Viable cell counts are often performed on exponentially growing cells in order to relate the absorbance reading (AU) with actual cell number. For this purpose, a sample of the culture is removed during exponential phase after the absorbance reading is recorded. Spread plates are prepared in order to perform a viable cell count. The goal is to have a spread plate containing between 30 and 300 cells (colonies) when plating a volume of 0.1 ml (100 ?l). To determine the correct dilution, you will need to estimate the number of cells/ml present from the AU (absorbance units) value of your sample. For this calculation, we will assume that 1 AU is equivalent to 107 cells /ml. So:


AU of sample x [(107 cells/ml)/1 AU] x 0.1 ml plated = total # of cells expected





You want to calculate two different dilutions that will give you between 30 and 300 colonies (cells). In order to determine the maximum dilution factor, divide the total # of expected cells by 30. In order to determine the minimum dilution factor, divide the total # of expected cells by 300. For example if the AU was 0.3, the total number of expected cells would be 3.0 x 105. In this case the maximum dilution factor would be 104 (3.0 x 105/30) or a dilution of 10-4 and should produce approximately 30 colonies. The minimum dilution factor would be 103 (3.0 x 105/300) or a dilution of 10-3, which should produce ~300 colonies. Since performing a single dilution of 10-4 or 10-3 would be highly inaccurate, serial dilutions are performed. Typically, the spread plates are prepared in duplicate for greater accuracy.



(NOTE: Do not put units in your answers, if you do the computer will grade the answer as wrong and you will lose the points. Answers should be written in numerical form or if you want to write as scientific notation you can write as 1.22E8 or 1.22E-8. The system will only take up to 15 significant figures.) (Another NOTE: Your answer must be within 5% of the correct value to get credit for this problem.)



You have removed a volume of a culture of E. coli during exponential growth in order to measure the viable cell count. If the absorbance reading was 0.8, estimate the maximum dilution factor you would need in order to obtain between 30 and 300 colonies on a plate spread with 0.1 ml of the dilution. Assume that there are 107 cells/ml in one absorbance unit. Answer:



You have removed a volume of a culture of E. coli during exponential growth in order to measure the viable cell count. If the absorbance reading was 0.8, estimate the minimum dilution factor you would need in order to obtain between 30 and 300 colonies on a plate spread with 0.1 ml of the dilution. Assume that there are 107 cells/ml in one absorbance unit. Answer:

What is a genome? What is a genome made of? Describe the bacterial genome. How do bacteria reproduce? What is binary fission? Distinguish between a chromosome and chromatin. Where are chromosomes located in eukaryotic cells? What is the chromosome made of? What is a centromere? What is the centromere's role? What are sister chromatids and how do they arise? Distinguish between somatic cells and germ (gametes) cells. Describe the cell cycle. What are the different phases? What occurs during S phase? What is interphase? How is the cell cycle controlled?

Describe mitosis. What are the phases of mitosis? What occurs in each of the phases of mitosis? What is cytokinesis? How does this differ between plant and animal cells? What is a kinetochore? Where does it form? What is its role? What is the role of microtubules in mitosis? What is a centriole and what is it composed of? What is a centrosome and what is its role in mitosis? What is the metaphase plate and why is this important? What is the mitotic spindle, its role and its makeup? What defines a diploid cell? How many copies of each chromosome is in a diploid cell? What about a haploid cell? Why do the daughter cells of mitosis always have the same complement of chromosomes?

Describe meiosis. What are the phases of meiosis? What occurs in each of the phases of meiosis? Distinguish between meiosis I and meiosis II and describe how each of these processes compare to mitosis. Why do animal cells undergo meiosis? What is a gamete? What is a zygote? What are recombination, crossing-over, and chiasma? When and why does this occur? What is meant by 'homologous pair of chromosomes'? Why don't the daughter cells of meiosis have the same genetic makeup? What controls the segregation of chromosomes into the gametes?

What are genetic characters? What are genetic traits? What is an allele? What is a locus? How many alleles at each locus would a human cell have and why? Distinguish between genotype and phenotype. What is meant by a dominant gene? What is meant by a recessive gene? How do these differ? What is the genotype of a homozygous dominant organism? What is its phenotype? What is the genotype of a homozygous recessive organism? What is its phenotype? What is the genotype of a heterozygous organism? What is its phenotype? What is a genetic cross? Distinguish between the P, F1, and F2 generations. What is a true-breeding line? What is the genotype and phenotype of a cross between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive parents? If the F1 progeny are crossed, what would be the genotype and phenotype of the F2 generation? What would be the phenotypic ratio? What would be the genotypic ratio? Be ready to generate Punnet square tests or probability analyses of crosses involving more than one genetic locus. Describe a dihybrid cross where two alleles are homozygous dominant in one parent and homozygous recessive in the other. What would be the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation from this dihybrid cross? What is meant by independent assortment? Be prepared to calculate probabilities resulting from different crosses.

Distinguish between complete and incomplete dominance. How would incomplete dominance alter the results of a hybrid cross? What would the resulting F2 generation phenotype and genotype ratios be? What is codominance? How does this affect the results of crosses? Be prepared to determine likely blood types of parents based on the blood types of their offspring. What is a polygenic trait? What is a carrier state for a genetic disease? What is meant by linked genes? How does this affect expected outcomes of genetic crosses? How is gene linkage used for chromosomal mapping? Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes. What sex chromosomes are found in women? What sex chromosomes are found in men? What are sex-linked traits? Be prepared to give the results of crosses that involve sex-linked recessive traits. What is the process of nondisjunction? What are the likely results? Why is this important? What is a Barr body? Recognize the genetic abnormality of Downs Syndrome, Turner's Syndrome, and Klinefelter's Syndrome.