ECO102H1 Lecture Notes - Excess Reserves, Reserve Requirement, Output Gap

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10 Feb 2014

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Topic 19 money, banking and monetary policy. Outline: what is money, how banks create money. - multiple deposit creation: demand for money, bond prices fall as interest rate rises, interest rate determination ( short - run , bank of canada. What is money (canada: currency + bank deposits) - banking system: central bank (bank of canada) - uses control of money supply and interest rates to influence aggregate demand: commercial banks. - create money as by-product of profit-seeking activities; Motivation e. g. overnight interest rate (determined b bank of canada) March 2009 (during the recession) 0. 5% (almost zero) The outlook for the global economy has continued to deteriorate the nature of the us recessionis particularly challenging for canada. : purpose. - money supply and money demand determine interest rates. - bank of canada controls money supply/changes interest rates. - all banks have same desired/target reserve ratio;

Related Questions

1. The Federal Funds Rate is set by the Federal Reserve on the first business day of each month by faxing the rate to the member banks of each Federal Reserve District.

A. True

B. False

2. The Federal Reserve is a single Central bank located on Wall Street in New York City.

A. True

B. False

3. Which of the following is NOT true about the Federal Reserve System?

A. Terms of service of the members of the Board of Governors are longer than the number of years that a two-term President of the United States would serve.

B. The Federal Reserve System is the nation's central bank and is comprised of 12 Federal Reserve Banks that serve as bankers' banks.

C. Some of the main functions of the Federal Reserve System include the authority to control the money supply, to issue currency, to set reserve requirements, and to hold reserves.

D. While Congress controls the actions of the Federal Reserve, the President has the authority to appoint and remove private banks from the Federal Reserve System.

4. Which of the following is NOT true about restrictive monetary policy?

A. A restrictive monetary policy seeks to raise the federal funds rate.

B. A restrictive monetary policy seeks to expand the money supply.

C. A restrictive monetary policy seeks to raise the Federal Funds Rate by selling government bonds or raising the reserve requirement ratio or increasing the discount rate.

D. A restrictive monetary policy is used when the government is concerned about suddenly increasing inflation.

5. Which of the following statements is NOT true about contractionary fiscal policy?

A. Contractionary fiscal policy consists of reductions in government spending or increases in taxes.

B. Contractionary fiscal policy can include both reductions in government spending or increases in taxes.

C. Contractionary fiscal policy seeks to shift the Aggregate Demand curve to the right.

D. Contractionary fiscal policy is used when the government seeks to reduce suddenly surging inflation.

6. The Federal Reserve creates money by printing the amount of desired new money and distributing it via armored trucks and high-security railways to Federal Reserve District Banks.

A. True

B. False

7. If the Fed feared a looming recession was just around the corner, which of the following actions would it "NOT" consider?

A. The Fed would raise the discount rate.

B. In order to influence prevailing commercial interest rates to fall, the Fed would buy large amounts of government securities.

C. In order to expand the money supply (which influences prevailing commercial interest rates to fall), the Fed would either buy large volumes of government bonds, lower the reserve requirement or cut the discount rate.

D. The Fed would seek to expand the money supply because, in so doing, the federal funds rate would fall and that would stimulate commercial interest rates to fall.

8. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the ability of the Federal Reserve System to expand the money supply?

A. The Federal Reserve System uses the fractional nature of the banking system to create money in order to expand the money supply.

B. The money multiplier defines the relationship between new excess reserves throughout the banking system and the creation of money by banks in the system. It is calculated by dividing the number 1 by the Required Reserve Ratio. [1/rr].

C. If the required reserve ratio is 20%, then $80 billion in new excess reserves will create $400 billion in bank system lending throughout the entire banking system.

D. If the reserve requirement is 100%, then the banks can generate 100% in new excess reserves.

9. Which of the following is NOT true about the tools of monetary policy?

A. The Fed can alter the money supply through open market operations, changes in the reserve ratio or adjustments to the discount rate.

B. Lowering the reserve ratio would expand the money supply.

C. Raising the discount rate would restrict the money supply.

D. Adjusting the reserve requirement is the most important day-to-day method for controlling the nation's money supply.

10. If the Federal Reserve wishes to hold off a feared recession, it will sell large volumes of government bonds.

A. True

B. False

harlequincicada312

QUESTION 46

When the Fed buys a U.S. bond in the open market

		its action has no effect on the total reserves or the money supply because the check it writes increases reserves at one bank but they fall at another.
		its action expands total reserves and the money supply.
		its action contracts total reserves and the money supply.
		total reserves increase by the amount of the purchase but the money supply stays the same.

1.11 points

QUESTION 47

When the Fed sells government securities,

		reserves increase, leading to a decrease in the money supply by an amount more than the sale of the government securities.
		reserves decrease, leading to a decrease in the money supply by an amount more than the sale of the government securities.
		reserves increase, leading to a increase in the money supply by an amount more than the sale of the government securities.
		reserves decrease, leading to a increase in the money supply by an amount more than the sale of the government securities.

1.11 points

QUESTION 48

The maximum potential money multiplier is equal to

		the reserve ratio.
		one minus the reserve ratio
		the inverse of the required reserve ratio.
		the number of dollars on reserve.

1.11 points

QUESTION 49

The potential money multiplier gives us

		the growth in the money supply when income increases.
		the growth in real national income when the money supply increases.
		the maximum potential change in the money supply due to a change in income.
		the maximum potential change in the money supply due to a change in reserves.

1.11 points

QUESTION 50

An increase in the reserve ratio

		increases the money multiplier.
		will cause banks to make more loans.
		has an expansionary effect on the money supply.
		has a contractionary effect on the money supply.

1.11 points

QUESTION 51

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insures

		banks against lawsuits.
		the deposits held in member banks.
		the deposits held in the Fed.
		the federal funds market.

1.11 points

QUESTION 52

Bank runs are a possibility because

		in difficult times people want currency instead of demand deposits.
		the FDIC is inefficient.
		banks do not keep enough reserves to cover all their depository liabilities.
		bankers are often poor businesspeople.

1.11 points

QUESTION 53

The manner in which FDIC deposit insurance is set up in the United States encourages banks to

		make riskier loans than they otherwise would.
		reject some loans that probably would be profitable.
		maintain excess reserves that are too great.
		be too conservative in their lending practices.

1.11 points

QUESTION 54

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

		discourages banks from engaging in excessive risk taking.
		was established after the Panic of 1907.
		only insures deposits in money-center banks.
		increases the stability of the banking system by reducing the likelihood of bank runs.

1.11 points

QUESTION 55

What are the two features of money that distinguish it from all other goods in the economy?

		Money is government issued and it is redeemable for gold or silver.
		Money is part of every barter transaction and it is divisible.
		Money is accepted as a medium of exchange and it is the common unit of account used to express prices.
		Money is a common unit of account and it is also can be traded for other currencies at a guaranteed exchange rate.

1.11 points

QUESTION 56

Holding money to meet unplanned expenditures and emergencies is known as

		asset demand.
		precautionary demand.
		aggregate demand.
		transactions demand.

1.11 points

QUESTION 57

When people want to hold money to make regular planned expenditures, this is

		the transaction demand for money.
		the spending demand for money.
		the asset demand for money.
		the precautionary demand for money.

1.11 points

QUESTION 58

When interest rates rise, the transactions demand for money usually

		decreases.
		increases.
		decreases initially and then increases to the original position.
		does not change.

1.11 points

QUESTION 59

As nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rises, the transactions demand for money

		increases, and the money demand curve shifts to the right.
		remains constant, and the money demand curve remains the same.
		decreases, and the money demand curve shifts to the left.
		increases, and the money demand curve shifts to the left.

1.11 points

QUESTION 60

One of the economic costs of holding currency is that

		it fulfills no precautionary role.
		it fulfills no transactions role.
		it earns no interest income.
		its real value always increases.

blacktrout920

Each Federal Reserve Bank is

Answer

		a corporation.
		a government owned enterprise.
		a government subsidized entity.
		a government-sponsored enterprise.

A transaction in which the Fed agrees to buy a security one day and sell it back the next day is

Answer

		an overnight securitization operation.
		a repurchase agreement.
		a legal tender.
		a rebate sale.

The Federal Reserve document that states the goals of the FOMC and the target for the federal funds rate is known as the

Answer

		Directive.
		Beige book.
		Bluebook.
		Green book.

How long is the normal term in office for a Governor of the Federal Reserve Board?

Answer

		Five years
		Seven years
		Fourteen years
		Life

The federal funds rate is the interest rate on

Answer

		loans to banks from the Fed.
		loans by banks to the Fed.
		short-term loans between banks.
		Treasury bills.

Expenditures of each Federal Reserve Bank are approved by

Answer

		the U.S. Senate.
		the President of the United States.
		the U.S. Treasury Department.
		the Federal Reserve Board of Governors.

Federal Reserve Banks pay for their central banking operations through

Answer

		government tax revenue.
		interest on the securities they own.
		fees charged to banks that use their services.
		dividends paid by local banks.

When the Fed engages in open-market operations, the transactions are conducted by

Answer

		the Open Market Desk at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
		the Open Market Desk at the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C.
		the National Bureau of Economic Research.
		the Federal Open Market Committee.

In 2006, Chairman Greenspan left the Fed because

Answer

		President Bush wanted him to resign.
		he reached mandatory retirement age.
		his term as Governor expired.
		his term as Chairman expired.

The Federal Reserve publication that discusses forecasts for the economy is known as the

Answer

		Redbook.
		Beigebook.
		Bluebook.
		Greenbook.

The FOMC directive

Answer

		describes forecasts for the economy.
		states the target for the federal funds rate.
		discusses the regional economies around the country.
		shows the Fed's balance sheet.

The chairman of the Federal Reserve Board who reduced the inflation rate from over 10 percent to about 3 percent in the early 1980s was

Answer

		Arthur Burns.
		G. William Miller.
		Paul Volcker.
		Alan Greenspan.

Which Fed chairman ensured the independence of the Federal Reserve in the 1950s?

Answer

		William McChesney Martin
		Arthur Burns
		Paul Volcker
		G. William Miller

There are ____ Federal Reserve Banks.

Answer

		seven
		ten
		twelve
		fifteen

Purchases and sales of government securities in the secondary market are known as

Answer

		discount borrowing and lending.
		federal funds purchases and sales.
		discounting.
		open-market operations.

The monetary base can be divided into

Answer

		currency plus transactions deposits.
		vault cash plus reserves held at the Fed.
		required clearing balances plus currency.
		reserves plus currency.

The Fed does not generally change reserve requirements to affect the money supply because

Answer

		the impact is too large.
		the Fed needs the approval of Congress to do so.
		it's not legal for the Fed to do so.
		the Fed needs the approval of the President of the United States to do so.

The Fed has decided to tighten monetary policy, so it decreases the money supply through

Answer

		defensive open-market operations.
		dynamic open-market operations.
		reduced discount loans for profit.
		reduced discount loans for business needs.

A haircut is

Answer

		the extra collateral the Fed requires above the value of a discount loan.
		the extra principal a commercial bank requires the Fed to pay when making a discount loan.
		the difference between what an investor pays for a bond and what the investor sells the bond for.
		expected personal grooming for a member of the Board of Governors.

Currency held by the nonbank public plus banks' vault cash plus banks' deposits at the Fed equals

Answer

		the Fed's capital stock.
		discount loans.
		the monetary base.
		required clearing balances.

The extra collateral the Fed requires above the value of a discount loan is known as

Answer

		the term premium.
		a haircut.
		a covenant.
		secondary credit.

Currency held by the nonbank public plus banks' reserves equals

Answer

		the Fed's capital stock.
		discount loans.
		the monetary base.
		required clearing balances.

The money supply divided by the monetary base equals

Answer

		the reserve ratio.
		velocity.
		high-powered money.
		the money multiplier.

The main liability on the Federal Reserve's balance sheet is

Answer

		discount loans.
		securities.
		monetary base.
		capital.

A bank in good condition may take out a loan without the Fed questioning the purpose or nature of the loan. Such a loan is known as

Answer

		a no documentation discount loan.
		a haircut.
		a covenant.
		a primary credit discount loan.

If the Open-Market Desk at the Fed buys securities when the federal funds rate is below the primary credit discount rate, the most likely effect is that the

Answer

		federal funds rate decreases.
		primary credit discount rate decreases.
		primary credit discount rate increases.
		federal funds rate increases.

In November and December, people use more currency than usual, so the Fed increases the money supply through

Answer

		defensive open-market operations.
		dynamic open-market operations.
		discount loans for profit.
		discount loans for business needs.

Reserves held by banks at the Fed that earn implicit interest payments in the form of earnings credits for Fed services are known as

Answer

		required clearing balances.
		reserve requirements.
		excess reserves.
		non-transaction deposits.

Required clearing balances

Answer

		pay interest in the form of earnings credits.
		count as reserves and can be used to meet reserve requirements.
		pay interest equal to the federal funds rate minus one percent.
		are required to be held against transactions deposits.

ECO102H1 Lecture Notes - Excess Reserves, Reserve Requirement, Output Gap

ECO102H1 Full Course Notes

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