INTL2260 Study Guide - Final Guide: Profit Maximization, Best Alternative To A Negotiated Agreement, Type I And Type Ii Errors

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bronzebear902

7 Apr 2014

School

Boston College

Department

International Studies

Course

INTL2260

Professor

All

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Though some nations signed the kyoto protocol, very little has been done to ensure they meet the goals. The amount of pollutants a car let out is much less than in the past. Caa was not a gradual environmental movement; it was a radical thing that sought out to do something about the air that was in a critically bad state. Trade-able permits allowed a company to pollute the air, specifically with sulfur dioxide (which causes acid rain). For economic efficiency; company that can"t afford to improve technology can buy a permit from another company to pollute. For political reasons; the cap and trade was a compromise between the liberals and the conservatives. It must have worked pretty well because we don"t hear about acid rains that much anymore. Montreal protocol: there has been an observed degradation of the ozone layer due to release of cfc"s in aerosols and cooling of refrigerators.

Related Questions

This laboratory relates to the following Terminal Course Objective(TCO):

8 Given the two major problems of global warming and ozone layerdepletion, compare and contrast the causes, environmental andhealth impacts, as well as the success or failure of internationalpolicies to solve these problems.

Introduction

We have heard for a long time that air pollution and theaccumulation of greenhouse gases lead to global warming. In theanimation below the rise in global temperature and the rise in sealevel is predicted by a model built by the Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change (IPCC). This model is based on a number ofassumptions on the amount of ozone, particulate matter and otherair pollutants.

Depletion of the Ozone Layer

Solar radiation emits electromagnetic waves with a wide range ofwavelengths. Visible light is the part of the electromagneticspectrum that can be detected by the eye's photoreceptors.Ultraviolet radiation has slightly shorter wavelengths than visiblelight and can cause damage to the biological tissues that absorb itby destroying protein and DNA molecules. The damaging effects ofultraviolet radiation are mitigated by the ozone (O3) in theatmosphere. The ozone in the stratosphere is called the OzoneLayer. Without the Ozone Layer, it is doubtful that any life onearth could survive. Since World War ll, many atmosphericscientists began to measure the concentration of ozone in thestratosphere around the South Pole. They have noted someinteresting trends. In the exercise below we will explore the issueof Ozone Depletion.

Wind Circulation in the Atmosphere

Wind circulation in the atmosphere is largely responsible for ourweather, our climate zones, and the movement and concentration ofgreenhouse gases and other air pollutants. The learning objectbelow demonstrates the circulation of winds vertically andhorizontally around the earth.

Man and Global Climate Change

The role of man in the creation of greenhouse gases and globalwarming has long been debated. The Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC) commissioned a model to judge the effects ofman on global temperature, the role of natural environmentalprocesses, and the combination of both. This model is exploredbelow.

One of the greenhouse gases that can be directly related to theactivities of man is carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a product ofindustrial and transportation activities. While it is true thatother processes, like respiration, can produce CO2, it is simple tolook at the concentration of CO2 before and after the industrialrevolution and clearly see the effects of man.

Concern about greenhouse gases led to representatives of 166nations to sign the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, which attempted tolimit emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Therise of the global economy has complicated the issue, as isdemonstrated in the learning object below.

Greenhouse Gases and Health

In recent years we have been measuring the Air Quality Index (AQI),which is a measure of such pollutants as ozone, particulate matter,and CO2. In the exercise below you may explore the AQI in citiesacross the U.S.

Let's look at two locations less than 500 miles apart thatrepresent both ends of the spectrum of the issue of greenhousegases and global warming. Explore both virtual field trips andevaluate them in terms of whether they contribute to the greenhousegas problem or help reduce it.

Kuala Lumpur

Rainforest / Terraced Rice Fields

Exercises

Exercise 1. Have a class debate between people representing thedeveloping countries and people representing the developedcountries OR write an essay comparing and contrasting the two.Characterize each side in terms of the issues surroundingpopulation growth, energy use, resource use, and sustainabledevelopment. Find common interests between the two.

Exercise 2. Look at the two virtual field trips and define each ofthe environments depicted in terms of the global carbon cyclediagram below. Assuming that the cycle is in balance, how wouldeach site change the balance.

Exercise 3. Develop a series of international agreements that wouldlead to the kind of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions calledfor in the Kyoto Protocol and that would satisfy the concerns forglobal equity between developed and developing countries.

Exercise 4. Using the table below keep track of your dailyactivities and how they affect the greenhouse gas crisis in theworld. What does each activity produce? Are the products positiveor negative. How do the sizes (volumes of gas) of the variousproducts vary? After you have created your table define yourpersonal global carbon footprint. Do you have a positive effect ora negative one?

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2. Throughout the 1990s, the amount of foreign direct investment directed at both developed and developing nations increased dramatically. This trend reflects:

	a slowdown in global economic activity.
	the increasing share of the U.S. in the total FDI stock.
	the decline in cross-border flows of foreign direct investment.
	the increasing internationalization of business corporations.

3. Globalization is criticized because it increases the power of _____.

	governments to own enterprises
	unskilled labor to form labor unions
	supranational organizations over nation-states
	nation-states to regulate markets and reduce competition

4. Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the reduction in trade barriers and restrictions on FDI since 1950?

	Firms are dispersing parts of their production process to global locations to drive down production costs and increase product quality.
	The economies of the world's nation-states are becoming more intertwined.
	Nations are becoming more independent of each other for important goods and services.
	The world has become significantly wealthier since 1950.

5.A common law system is different from a civil law system because:

	a common-law system is based on religious teachings, while a civil law system is based on cultural traditions.
	a common-law system is very rigid, while a civil law system tends to be more flexible.
	in a common law system, a judge relies on legal codes to make rulings, while in a civil law system a judge relies on his intuition and moral reasoning to make judgments.
	in a common law system, a judge has the power to interpret the law, while in a civil law system a judge has the power only to apply the law.

7. Which of the following areas of international trade is regulated by the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act?

	Making and performing commercial contracts in international trade.
	Preventing bribery and unethical acts in the conduct of international business.
	Establishing a set of safety standards to which a new product must adhere.
	Controlling the mafia activity that hinders trade in Russia, Japan, and the U.S.

8. Which of the following is a measure that is developed by the United Nations to measure the quality of life in different nations?

	Gross national income
	Human Development Index
	Purchasing power parity
	Gross domestic product

9. According to Hernando de Soto, which of the following factors is essential for the developing world to be able to reap the benefits of innovation and entrepreneurship?

	Detailed state planning
	Restricting direct investment by foreign enterprises
	Strong property rights
	Market regulation

10.Which of the following refers to the extent to which individuals can move out of the strata into which they are born?

	Caste stratification
	Class system
	Social mobility
	Individual potential

11.Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?

	A manager in India looks down upon his subordinates because they are from a lower caste, compared to him.
	An upper-middle-class woman talks rudely to a salesperson because she looks down upon individuals belonging to the working-class.
	An American manager criticizes the cultural practices of Saudi Arabia when he is sent there on business because it differs from his own cultural norms.
	A French business owner, who plans to expand his market to China, conducts a detailed cultural study of China to customize his marketing campaign.

13An international U.S. based company sets up a production unit in a developing country with poor environmental regulations. This contributes to:

	the noblesse obliges the situation.
	the inequity aversion.
	the global tragedy of the commons.
	the Friedman effect.

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INTL2260 Study Guide - Final Guide: Profit Maximization, Best Alternative To A Negotiated Agreement, Type I And Type Ii Errors

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