PHIL 367 Lecture : PHIL 367 - Lecture (Jan. 16th)

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champagnegoat805

26 Jan 2012

School

McGill University

Department

Philosophy

Course

PHIL 367

Professor

Susan Judith Hoffmann

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Document Summary

Science of knowledge: scientific because it is an investigation of the properties of the mind, hoping to eliminate all dualities/opposition. It deduces all precepts from one single principle. Kant leaves a duality between the theoretical and practical worlds of knowledge. Every act of the will has two aspects: it is something phenomenal, but it is also possible to be something in the neumenal world. No epistemological certainty that will is free, nor that will is determined. Distinction between human beings as seekers of knowledge, and as do-ers, agents who act. In the latter, it is entirely rational to believe in things in themselves (the neumenal world. ) Two standpoints: world of nature (certainty), and world of action/belief. Kant/fichte: freedom is autonomy. (not necessarily freedom from external constraints, but the ability to act as a result of an individual will; spontaneous desire to act without prior, external causation. ) Believes that kant has not shown how humanity is truly free.

Related Questions

Could you please proofread and correct scientifically andgrammatically my work, thanks ^_^

Here itis:

The percentage error was found to be 0.186% and 6.66%respectively.

This implies that the predicted value of the freefall accelerationis fairly accurate while the predicated value of deceleration isnot as much. The encountered errors were due to severalexperimental and human limitation was that the experiment involved.The experimental limitation was due to the uncertainty of theclinometer which was Â± 0.5o.

I.e. In our calculation, a difference of 0.5o can lead to adifference of 40 - 80 cm in height as shown below:

The human limitations was due to the human eye being unable todetect the exact point on the track at which the gondoladecelerates. This is because the braking happened very quickly.This adds an uncertainty to the location of deceleration when theangels are being measured.

In addition, the human ability cannot decide on the exact period oftime at which the gondola freefalls or decelerates. This is due tothe human reaction speed being unable to exactly determine thestart time of the momentary freefall and deceleration. The timetaken for humans to react cannot be measured thus it cannot besubtracted from the findings to get an accurate timing.

All of these limitations that have affected the accuracy of theresults could be avoided to some extent by marking the exact zonesrequired on the track of the giant drop as well as using anelectronic angle measurer to measure the angles . Additionally, theusage of an electronic timer to measure periods of the freefall anddeceleration is also suggested.

During the analysis, finding an average to the deceleration in theaccelerometer reading (using Logger Pro) was only estimated usingthe human naked eye. This is because an average could not be takenelectronically. Thus, there is also some uncertainty involved inthe theoretical value.

NOTE:

The value for freefall acceleration obtained from thevideo-analysis technique was 9.754 Â± 0.3237 m/s2. 9.754 m/s2 has apercentage error of :
0.469%

This value indicates it is fairly accurate and can be used as aconforming result to the theoretical value. The error involved isdue to the fact that the video was shaking, thus plotting thevelocity/ time graph of the gondola at different times wasnegatively affected; although the axes was roughly re-set at everyframe.

To practice Problem-Solving Strategy 21.1 Conservation of energy incharge interactions.

An alpha particle (), which is the same as a helium-4 nucleus, ismomentarily at rest in a region of space occupied by an electricfield. The particle then begins to move. Find the speed of thealpha particle after it has moved through a potential difference of-3.45Ã10-3 .
The charge and the mass of an alpha particle are = 3.20Ã10-19 and =6.68Ã10-27 , respectively.

PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY Conservation of energy in chargeinteractions

PREPARE Draw a before-and-after visual overview. Define symbolsthat will be used in the problem, list known values, and identifywhat you're trying to find.

SOLVE The mathematical representation is based on the law ofconservation of mechanical energy:

.

Find the electric potential at both the initial and finalpositions. You may need to calculate it from a known expression forthe potential, such as that of a point charge.
and are the total kinetic energies of all moving particles.
Some problems may need additional conservation laws, such asconservation of charge or conservation of momentum.
ASSESS Check that your result has the correct units, is reasonable,and answers the question.

Prepare
Identify the system involving the alpha particle. Then examine theforces acting within this system to determine whether mechanicalenergy is conserved. Make certain to draw a before-and-after visualoverview and to define your symbols.
Part A
Mechanical energy is conserved in the presence of which of thefollowing types of forces?
Select all that apply.
? frictional
? electrostatic
? magnetic
? gravitational

Which of the following quantities are unknown?
? the value of the electric potential at the initial position ofthe alpha particle
? the final speed of the alpha particle
? the charge of the alpha particle
? the mass of the alpha particle
? the difference in potential between the initial and finalpositions of the alpha particle
? the value of the electric potential at the final position of thealpha particle
? the initial speed of the alpha particle

Vapor cycles
5EM - Thermodynamics
September 2010
1 The T-S diagram
The temperature-entropy diagram is an alternative to the well knownpressure-
volume diagram. Before using it to analyze different vapor cycles,we need
to understand it properly.
1. Plot the following transformations for ideal gases in a T-Sdiagram
(a) Isothermal expansion
(b) Isobaric expansion
(c) Isometric heating
(d) Reversible adiabatic expansion
(e) Irreversible adiabatic expansion
2. Repeat the last question, but this time do it for a realsubstance,
starting in the compressed liquid1 region and ending in thesuperheated
region, when possible. Indicate the boundaries of eachregion.
3. We know that under certain circumstances the area under theplot
in a P-V diagram represents the work performed during theprocess.
What does it represent in this case? Under what assumptions isyour
answer true? Compare examples 6.1 and 6.2.
2 Thermal machines
We understand by thermal machine a device capable of transformingther-
mal energy (heat) into mechanical energy (work). We already knowthat
these machines have a limited efficiency which, in the two-sourcesmodel, is
obtained by Carnotâs cycle.
(Compressed liquid is sometimes also called subcooled liquid)
2.1 Carnot cycle
This cycle, although efficient, is impractical. To begin with, theextreme
temperatures of the cycle should be within the sources temperaturesfor a
finite heat flow to exist.
1. Given the temperature of the sources, draw the cycle accordingto the
named limitation.
2. Show that this leads to lower efficiency than the theoreticallimit.
3. Assume that heat flow from/to the sources is proportional to thetem-
perature difference between them and the working fluid, anddemon-
strate that a higher power output is related to a decreasedefficiency.
2.2 Rankine cycle
Out of the several practical possibilities, Rankine cycle and itsvariations is
widely used, especially for electric power generation.
1. Draw the basic cycle in a T-S diagram and explain it.
2. What does the efficiency of the cycle depend on? Comparewith
Carnotâs.
3. What are the differences between the ideal cycle and the realone?
4. Describe how it is modified by superheating and/or reheating.Explain
te benefits.
2.3 Problems
After answering the previous questions solve the followingexercises from the
book: 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.13, 8.19, 8.20
3 Frigorific machines
3.1 Reverse Carnot cycle
We have already studied Carnot cycle in detail as the ideal thermalmachine.
Now we will take is as the starting point to understand thecharacteristics
of frigorific machines.
1. Draw the ideal cycle in a T-S diagram and explain it.
2. Show that this cycle has a theoretical efficiency Ã =Tcold/Thot-Tcold
3. What are the difficulties in implementing such cycle in actualdevices?
3.2 Actual refrigerators
1. Why is the turbine replaced by an expansion valve in mostcases?
2. Plot the actual cycle and explain the differences with the idealcase.
3. How do cascade and multistage systems improve the performanceof
the refrigerator?
4. What aspects are important in the choice of a refrigerant fluid?Justify
3.3 Problems
After answering the previous questions solve the followingexercises from the
book: 10.2 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 10.22, 10.23 10.1D

PHIL 367 Lecture : PHIL 367 - Lecture (Jan. 16th)

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