BIOL 112 Lecture Notes - Covalent Bond, Ionic Bonding, Hydrogen Bond
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BIOL 112 Full Course Notes
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Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorous are what living matter are made up of. The number of protons defines the identity of the element (the atomic number = number of protons) Atomic mass/weight is the number of protons and neutrons added together (daltons) Isotopes have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. Can be radioactive, which is useful for bio and medicine (ex. carbon-14) Share electrons, strong, predictable length and angle. Theses 2 electrons are shared, one electron comes from each atom. Atoms can form bonds until their outermost shell is filled. Because it has 4 electrons in its outer shell and it wants to have 8 valence electrons so it will form 4 covalent bonds to fill the shell. Increasing positive electrical charge in nucleus means increasing electronegativity so therefore: A polar molecule has polar covalent bonds (dipoles) Due to the electronegativity of water, it has dipoles.