WDW101Y1 Lecture Notes - Tabula Rasa, Classical Conditioning, Social Evolution

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brownbeetle36

23 Oct 2012

School

UTSG

Department

Woodsworth College Courses

Course

WDW101Y1

Professor

Jim Davies

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Document Summary

Tension between theories that focus on structure and theories that focus on process. Conflicting assumptions about human nature: theories that confuse on individuals that are rational, in control vs. those who believe that individuals are shaped by their social environment. Different conceptions of the link between society and individual behavior: some theories are highly determinant, that it depends on the social environment vs. human"s free will. Must be able to operationalize important concepts or variables: must be measurable , able to test and measure the main concepts of the theory. Some theories focus on changing the individual. Some theories focus on changing the law. Must consider the practical limitations of theoretically derived policy recommendations. In order to reduce crime we might want to change the severity of the punishment. Serious crimes explained in spiritual terms: the battle between good and evil. Trephination: an early form of neural surgery designed to release evil spirits dwelling in the heads of offenders.

Related Questions

QUESTION 26

Age 65 has come to be considered the onset of old age in the U.S. because:

	a.	This is when most older adults find their abilities diminishing
	b.	At age 65, physical appearance makes it evident that a person is old
	c.	This is the age identified in Social Security and Medicare at the time these were enacted
	d.	This is the age at which life expectancy diminishes most rapidly

1 points

QUESTION 27

The concept of "dependency ratios" has been criticized because:

		Individual differences in needs as well as differences in aging and activity choices make it difficult to ascertain which generation depends on which other generations.
		Very few older adults ever rely on younger individuals for support and assistance
		The most dependent generation may well be young adults
		It is common knowledge that older adults are dependent on younger individuals

1 points

QUESTION 28

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the purpose of theory in understanding aging?

	a.	Theories attempt to explai what we observe in empirical research or practice
	b.	A goal is to consolidate practice around a simple set of principles
	c.	Theories resolve disputes about the nature of reality and definitions of aging
	d.	The most important purpose is to reduce apparently complex phenomena to a few basic factors

1 points

QUESTION 29

Explanations that focus on the situations and problems that accumulate during the life span and cannot be understood separate from developmental experiences are considered to reflect:

	a.	The aged
	b.	Aging
	c.	Age
	d.	The meaning of life

1 points

QUESTION 30

Early theories of aging, described later life as a:

	a.	Problem
	b.	normal, welcomed stage of life
	c.	rare and unique process
	d.	Too idiosyncratic for generalized description

1 points

QUESTION 31

Theories that explain aging as resulting from the accumulation of "insults" from the environment, which eventually reach a level incompatible with life are labeled:

	a.	Sociocultural theories
	b.	Selective optimization with compensation
	c.	Model of Human Occupation
	d.	Stochastic theories

1 points

QUESTION 32

Psychological theories of aging seek to explain

	a.	Reasons for the emergence of mental disorders in late life
	b.	Why older individuals are likely to be pessimistic
	c.	Relationships among older and younger individuals
	d.	The multiple changes in individual behavior in late life

1 points

QUESTION 33

It is now believed that neurological theories of aging that focus on decline in neurological functioning may be:

	a.	Too optimistic
	b.	Lacking in clarity
	c.	Too pessimistic
	d.	Too limited

1 points

QUESTION 34

In the theory of Selective Optimization with Compensation, "optimization" refers to the idea that:

	a.	People engage in behaviors that augment or enrich their general reserves and maximize their chosen life courses
	b.	People make efforts in middle age to accumulate needed resources to ensure successful aging
	c.	Changing biological and psychological factors that enhance the abilities of older adults in memory and problem solving
	d.	Political initiatives that reduce stigma associated with later life

1 points

QUESTION 35

Mrs. Adams, an 87 year-old widow, has begun to distance herself from some of her extended family members. At the same time, she spends increasing time with her adult children, grandchildren, and some of her close neighbors. This would be an example of:

	a.	The Model of Human Occupation
	b.	Evolutionary Theory
	c.	Cognition and Aging theories
	d.	Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

1 points

QUESTION 36

A theory of particular relevance to occupational and physical therapy is:

	a.	Theory of Free Radicals
	b.	Systems theory of motor control
	c.	Stochastic theories
	d.

1 points

QUESTION 37

Theory is important to therapeutic decisions as a way to:

	a.	Reduce the therapist's need to address individual differences
	b.	Guide decisions about evaluation and intervention
	c.	Minimize the idea of complexity in understanding older adults
	d.	Clearly identify the specific evaluation instruments to be used

Which criminological theories best explain the crimes of larceny, white-collar crime, and illegal substance use?

turquoisetoad914

Motivation is a key component in employee productivity and overall organizational success. Understanding why people behave as they do is an important step in predicting and managing behavior. There are many theories of motivation. Three important theories are Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, McGregor's Theories X and Y, and Herzberg's two-factor theory.

In your own words:

Describe and evaluate one of these important theories of motivation. First, choose a theory and describe the claims it makes. What does it say about why people act as they do? Then explain why, in your view, the theory you have chosen is or is not effective in predicting individual behavior. Do people actually behave the way the theory claims that they do?

ochrefox58

WDW101Y1 Lecture Notes - Tabula Rasa, Classical Conditioning, Social Evolution

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