mohammadkabir976

1. A gold rich country in Africa discovered a large gold deposit and the Government want to manage this resource over a two period (current period and future period) as follows: extract less in period one (current period) and extract more in period two (future period), where the cost of extraction is rising over time. As the chief economist for the country, propose two economy policy options to achieve this extraction path desired by the Government. In proposing the policies, also provide the factors that could hinder the success of the policies (not more than 4 pages). (9 marks)
2. The government of a country has passed a tax law on the extraction of coal, but this law will first take effect 5 years in the future.
   1. Given that the coal mining is characterized by a constant marginal extraction cost (MEC) how would, if at all, this pending law affect the extraction profile over time in terms of both the timing of the extraction and the cumulative amount extracted. Why? (3 marks)
   2. If the coal mining is characterized by an increasing MEC, how would your answer in (a) change, if at all. Why?

Question 1 of 25

A company uses dual-write to synchronize Dynamics 365 Supply Chain Management and Microsoft Dataverse instances. You create a custom entity for dual-write.

A map has performance issues.

You need to test the custom entity using its OData endpoint.

Which two tools can you use? Each correct answer presents part of the solution.

NOTE: Each correct selection is worth one point.

Select all answers that apply.

1.  Postman

2.  Excel add-in

3.  SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS)

4.   Microsoft Dynamics Lifecycle Services (LCS)

What is the optimal allocation of 300 units of ore over a two year period? The marginal and average costs of extraction are constant at $100 per unit. The price per unit in each period is given by the willingness-to-pay equation, Pt = 500 – 2Qt, where P denotes price, Q denotes quantity of ore extracted and t = 1, 2. The discount rate is 10%. Determine how much ore should be extracted in year 1 and how much in year 2. Determine the user cost

PLEASE HELPP

Ore extraction with constant price
A firm owns an ore deposit of initial stock size S0 which must be extracted over a finite number T of periods. The per-period total cost of extraction depends on the extraction rate only as per function C(Rt), where Rt is the period-t extraction level, t ∈ {0, 1, 2, ..., T}, and function C is increasing and convex. The unit selling price of the ore, p, is given and constant through time, as so is the firm’s discount rate r.

1. Solve for the extraction path that maximizes the present value of profits. Illustrate the extraction path with a graphic.
2. Discuss the case of a non-binding resource constraint.
3. Solve for an infinite time horizon T = ∞.
4. Discuss the case of a constant marginal cost of extraction.

An operon is _______

A. A DNA binding protein

B. A set of genes transcribed as a single unit

C. the coding sequences in the open reading frame of eukaryotic proteins

D. a non-coding sequence that interrupts the open reading fram of proteins

Regulatory elements are:

A. structural genes that are regulated

B. sequences that help control transcription

C. minerals that bind enzymes as cofactors, regulating their function

D. genes that control the expression of other genes

I have a few questions.

1. Suppose the thermometer is miscalibrated to read 0.3 oChigher than actual. Does this error in calibration result in themolar mass of the vapor in the flask being reported as too high ortoo low or as unaffected? Explain.

2. If the volume of the flask is assumed to be 125mL instead ofthe measured volume, would the calculated molar mass of the unknownliquid be too high or too low or as unaffected by this experimentalerror? Explain.

3. The pressure reading from the barometer is recorded higherthan it actually is. How does this affect the reported molar massof the liquid: too high, too low, or unaffected? Exlplain.

Refer to the following diagram of a generalized tetranucleotide to answer questions (a) through (e).

(a) Is this a DNA or an RNA molecule? ________

(b) Place an "X" (in one of the circles in the diagram) at the 3' end of this tetranucleotide.

(c) Given that the DNA strand, which served as a template for the synthesis of this tetranucleotide, was composed of the bases 5' – A C A G – 3', fill in the parentheses (in the diagram) with the expected bases.

(d) Suppose that one of the precursors for this tetranucleotide was a ³²P-labeled guanine nucleoside triphosphate (the innermost phosphate containing the radioactive phosphorus). Circle the radioactive phosphorus atom as it exists in the tetranucleotide.

(e) Given that spleen diesterase (breaks between the phosphate and the 5' carbon) digests the pictured tetranucleotide, which base(s) among the breakdown products would be expected to be attached to the ³²P?

Kornberg and his colleagues incubated soluble extracts of E. coli with a mixture of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, all labelled with 32P in the α-phosphate group. After a
time, the incubation mixture was treated with trichloroacetic acid, which precipitates the DNA but not the nucleotide precursors. The precipitate was collected, and the extent of precursor incorporation into DNA was determined from the amount of radioactivity present in the precipitate.

(a) If any one of the four nucleotide precursors were omitted from the incubation mixture, would radioactivity be found in the precipitate? Explain.

(b) Would 32P be incorporated into the DNA if only dTTP were labeled? Explain. 

(c) Would radioactivity be found in the precipitate if 32P labelled the β or γ phosphate rather
than the α phosphate of the deoxyribonucleotides? Explain.

he FoF1 synthesis of ATP depends on delivery of electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 to electron transport systems in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells . What is the maximum number of ATPs generated for the following?
a. one molecule of FADH2 produced during the citric acid cycle
b. one molecule of NADH produced during the citric acid cycle
c. one molecule of NADH produced by glycolysis in a muscle cell that uses the mitochondrial glycerol phosphate shuttle
d. one molecule of NADH and one molecule of FADH₂ produced in the Krebs Cycle?

Match each photosynthesis process, light reactions, Calvin cycle, and sucrose production from G3P, with the similar cellular respiration process.

a. Glycolysis

b. Krebs Cycle

c. Pyruvate Processing

d. Electron transport chain

1. Choose the products of electron transport chain.

a) NADH b) FADH2 c) NAD d) ATP e) Carbon dioxide f) FAD g) Pyruvate h) Water

2. Match the items on the left with their function in photosynthesis. (Product of Light reaction, Reactant of Dark [Calvin cycle] reaction, Product of Dark [Calvin cycle] reaction)

a) Water:

b) NADPH:

c) Carbon dioxide:

d) Oxygen:

e) Glucose:

3. Match the process on the left with the correct cellular location on the right. (Cytoplasm, Mitochondrial matrix, stroma, Chloroplast )

a) Glycolysis

b) Krebs cycle

c) Electron transport chain

d) Fermentation

4. Match the process on the left with the classification on the right (Aerobic or anaerobic)

a) Glycolysis

b) Electron transport Chain

c) Fermentation

d) Light reactions of photosynthesis

5. NADH is reoxidized by which of the following processes?

a) Glycolysis

b) Fermentation

c) Krebs cycle

d) Electron transport Chain

e) Light reactions of photosynthesis

Which process does NOT match the products?

Which of the following components are present in eukaryotic cells but absent in prokaryotic? A. nucleus, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, ribosomes B. ER, mitochondria, cell membrane, ribosomes C. nucleus, cell membrane, golgi apparatus, ER D. nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, mitochondria E. none of the options is correct

Which of the following is the simplest collection of matter that can live?
A) molecules B) cell C)organ D)tissue E) None of these responses are correct

Which of the following structures is found in eukaryotic but NOT prokaryotic cells?
A) cytosol B) mitochondria C) plasma membrane D) DNA E) ribosomes

Which of the following features do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?
A) mitochondria, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane
B) nucleus, plasma membrane, and ribosomes
C) ribosomes, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm
D) mitochondria, ribosomes, and cytoplasm
E) ribosomes, nucleus, and plasma membrane

Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through __________.
A) plasmodesmata B) a cell wall C) a gap junction D) a microtubule E) a tight junction

Which structure is NOT part of the endomembrane system?
A) nuclear envelope B) chloroplast C) Golgi apparatus D) plasma membrane E) smooth ER

Hydrolytic enzymes must be separated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells?
A) chloroplast B) lysosome C) central vacuole D) peroxisome E) glyoxysome

Which plant cell organelle(s) contain(s) DNA and ribosomes?
A) chloroplast B) mitochondrion C) vacuole D) A and B are correct E) A, B and C are correct

A cell with a lots of free ribosomes is most likely
A) producing primarily lipids
B producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins
C) constructing an extensive cell wall or extracellular matrix
D) digesting large food particles
E) enlarging its vacuole

Which of the following cell structures exhibits selective permeability between a cell and its external environment?
A) the plasma membrane B) mitochondria C) endoplasmic reticulum D) lysosomes E) chloroplasts

The plasma membrane is referred to as a "fluid mosaic" structure. Which of the following statements about that model is true?
A) The fluid aspect of the membrane describes its structure at normal temperatures, and the mosaic aspect describes the behavior of the membrane as the temperature is lowered
B) Only phospholipids are capable of moving in the membrane
C) The fluid aspect of the membrane is due to the behavior of phospholipids, and the mosaic aspect is due to the presence of carbohydrates
D) The fluid aspect of the membrane is due to the lateral and rotational movement of phospholipids, and embedded proteins account for the mosaic aspect
E) The mosaic aspect of the membrane is due to the glycosylation of phospholipids on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane

Which of the following molecules is most likely to passively diffuse across phospholipid bilayer the plasma membrane?
A)oxygen B)glucose C) sodium ion D) DNA E) Hemoglobin

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to diffuse through a plasma membrane without the help of a transport protein?
A) dissolved gases such as oxygen or carbon dioxide
B) a small, nonpolar molecule
C) a large, nonpolar molecule
D) a large, polar molecule
E) Any of the listed molecules would easily diffuse through the membrane

Which of the following statements about diffusion is true?
A) It involves only the movement of water molecules
B) It requires expenditure of energy by the cell
C) It is a passive process
D) It occurs when molecules move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration
E) It always requires integral proteins of the cell membrane

When a plant cell, such as one from a peony stem, is submerged in a very hypotonic solution, what is likely to occur?
A) The cell will burst
B) The cell membrane will lyse
C) Plasmolysis will shrink the interior
D)The cell will become flaccid
E)The cell will become turgid

Which of the following is a correct difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?
A) Active transport involves transport proteins, and facilitated diffusion does not
B) Facilitated diffusion requires carrier proteins, but active transport requires channel proteins
C) Facilitated diffusion can move solutes against a concentration gradient, and active transport cannot
D) Active transport requires energy from ATP, and facilitated diffusion does not
E) Facilitated diffusion involves transport proteins, and active transport does not

Which of the following factors would tend to increase membrane fluidity?
A) a greater proportion of saturated phospholipids
B)a lower temperature
C) a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids
D)a relatively high protein content in the membrane
E) a greater proportion of relatively large glycolipids compared with lipids having smaller molecular masses

The primary function of polysaccharides attached to the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes is
A) to facilitate diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradients
B) to actively transport molecules against their concentration gradients
C) to maintain the integrity of a fluid mosaic membrane
D) to maintain membrane fluidity at low temperatures
E) to mediate cell-to-cell recognition

Questions 18-25 on back

The first law of thermodynamics

Energy and matter cannot be created or destroyed but can be transferred or transformed to other forms

With each energy transfer or transformation, entropy of the system decreases

With each energy transfer or transformation, entropy of the universe increases

A and B are correct

A, B and C are correct

A process is spontaneous if

It is endergonic, catabolic and free energy is decreases (DG<0)

it is exergonic, anabolic and free energy is increasing (DG>0)

it is exergonic, catabolic and free energy is decreasing (DG<0)

it is exergonic, anabolic and free energy is not changing (DG=0)

A and D are correct.

Which of the following statements about enzymes is INCORRECT?
A) An enzyme lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction
B) Enzymes can be used to accelerate both anabolic and catabolic reactions
C) An enzyme is consumed during the reaction it catalyzes
D) An enzyme is very specific in terms of the substrate to which it binds
E) Most enzymes are proteins

Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence. Catabolism is to anabolism as _____ is to _____.
A) exergonic; endergonic B) work; energy C) exergonic; spontaneous

D) entropy; enthalpy E) free energy; entropy

A molecule becomes more oxidized when it __________.
A) gains a hydrogen (H+) ion B) changes shape C) loses a hydrogen (H+) ion
D) loses an electron E) gains an electron

Where do the reactions of glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?
A) across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
B) the matrix of the mitochondrion
C) the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
D) in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion
E) the cytosol

BONUS (6 POINTS EACH)

Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration comes from which of the following processes?
A) reduction of NADH
B) substrate-level phosphorylation
C) glycolysis
D) the citric acid cycle
E) oxidative phosphorylation

How many molecules of ATP are gained by substrate-level phosphorylation from the complete breakdown of a single molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen?
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) about 16 ATP E) about 32-36 ATP

aspect describes the behavior of the membrane as the temperature is lowered B) Only phospholipids are capable of moving in the membrane C) The fluid aspect of the membrane is due to the behavior of phospholipids, and the mosaic aspect is due to the presence of carbohydrates D) The fluid aspect of the membrane is due to the lateral and rotational movement of phospholipids, and embedded proteins account for the mosaic aspect E) The mosaic aspect of the membrane is due to the glycosylation of phospholipids on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane Which of the following molecules is most likely to passively diffuse across phospholipid bilayer the plasma membrane? A)oxygen B)glucose C) sodium ion D) DNA E) Hemoglobin Which of the following would be LEAST likely to diffuse through a plasma membrane without the help of a transport protein? A) dissolved gases such as oxygen or carbon dioxide B) a small, nonpolar molecule C) a large, nonpolar molecule D) a large, polar molecule E) Any of the listed molecules would easily diffuse through the membrane Which of the following statements about diffusion is true? A) It involves only the movement of water molecules B) It requires expenditure of energy by the cell C) It is a passive process D) It occurs when molecules move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration E) It always requires integral proteins of the cell membrane When a plant cell, such as one from a peony stem, is submerged in a very hypotonic solution, what is likely to occur? A) The cell will burst B) The cell membrane will lyse C) Plasmolysis will shrink the interior D)The cell will become flaccid E)The cell will become turgid Which of the following is a correct difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion? A) Active transport involves transport proteins, and facilitated diffusion does not B) Facilitated diffusion requires carrier proteins, but active transport requires channel proteins C) Facilitated diffusion can move solutes against a concentration gradient, and active transport cannot D) Active transport requires energy from ATP, and facilitated diffusion does not E) Facilitated diffusion involves transport proteins, and active transport does not Which of the following factors would tend to increase membrane fluidity? A) a greater proportion of saturated phospholipids B)a lower temperature C) a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids D)a relatively high protein content in the membrane E) a greater proportion of relatively large glycolipids compared with lipids having smaller molecular masses

3. In an aqueous environment, the phospholipids of a membrane____.

a) are arranged in a single layer

b) are arranged in a bilayer with the polar heads of each layerlocated at the surface

c) are arranged in a bilayer with the fatty acid tails locatedat the surface

d) are arranged in a bilayer but the phospholipids have nospecific orientation

e) dissolve

4. which of the following molecules demonstrate dual solubilitycharacteristics

a) sterols only

b) proteins only

c) phospholipids only

d) sterols and phospholipids

e) sterols, phospholipids, and proteins

5. The "mosaic" part of the fluid mosaic model refers to themembrane ____.

a) proteins

b) phospholipids

c) cholesterol

d) functions

e) layers

9. Transport of a molecule across a cell membrane by facilitateddiffusion ____.

a) does not exhibit specificity for a particular type ofmolecule

b) requires the input of energy

c) depends on a concentration gradient

d) goes against the concentration gradient

e) allows non-polar uncharged molecules to diffuse across amembrane

13. A transport system in which transport of an ion in onedirection provides the energy for active transport in the oppositedirection is known as ____.

a) primary active transport

b) active diffusion

c) secondary active transport

d) cotransport

e) osmosis

14. Cells undergo exocytosis ____.

a) to pump protons down a concentration gradient

b) when replicating

c) to secrete protein and wastes from the cell

d) to ingest nutrients

e) as a means of cellular protection

15. What is the molecular basis of familialhypercholestremia?

a) HDL enters cells using a specific receptor on the cellsurface

b) LDL enters cells using a specific receptor on the cellsurface

c) HDL exits cells using a specific receptor on the cellsurface

d) LDL exits cells using a specific receptor on the cellsurface

e) receptor-mediated exocytosis

16. Carrier molecules are utilized for ____.

a) active transport only

b) passive transport only

c) both active and passive transport

d) osmosis

e) transport of all types of molecules

17. All of the following are functions of integral membraneproteins EXCEPT ____.

a) transport of polar molecules

b) reception of chemical signals form other cells

c) cell division

d) recognition of other cells as being "like"

e) cell-cell binding

need help with question no 22,33.34,36

29 Most proteins destined to enter the endoplasmic reticulum _________.

(a) are transported across the membrane after their synthesis is complete.

(b) are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytosol.

(c) begin to cross the membrane while still being synthesized.

(d) are keep binding to Signal recognition particle (SRP) while they are translated.

30 Which of the following choices reflects the appropriate order of locations through which a protein destined for the plasma membrane travels?

(a) lysosome → endosome → plasma membrane

(b) ER → lysosome → plasma membrane

(c) Golgi → lysosome → plasma membrane

(d) ER → Golgi → plasma membrane

31 Which of the following statements about vesicle budding from the Golgi is false?

(a) COPII can initiate vesicle budding on Golgi membrane.

(b) Some vesicles budded from Golgi membranes move towards ER.

(c) Once vesicle budding completed, clathrin molecules are released from the vesicle.

(d) Clathrin molecules act at the cytosolic surface of the Golgi membrane.

32 Which of the following statements is false?

(a) The signal sequences on mitochondrial proteins are first bound to translocator on outer membrane after translation.

(b) Most mitochondrial proteins are not imported from the cytosol but are synthesized inside the mitochondria.

(c) Chaperone proteins in the mitochondria facilitate the movement of proteins across the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes.

(d) Mitochondrial proteins cross the membrane in their unfolded state.

3. In an aqueous environment, the phospholipids of a membrane____.

a) are arranged in a single layer

b) are arranged in a bilayer with the polar heads of each layerlocated at the surface

c) are arranged in a bilayer with the fatty acid tails locatedat the surface

d) are arranged in a bilayer but the phospholipids have nospecific orientation

e) dissolve

4. which of the following molecules demonstrate dual solubilitycharacteristics

a) sterols only

b) proteins only

c) phospholipids only

d) sterols and phospholipids

e) sterols, phospholipids, and proteins

5. The "mosaic" part of the fluid mosaic model refers to themembrane ____.

a) proteins

b) phospholipids

c) cholesterol

d) functions

e) layers

9. Transport of a molecule across a cell membrane by facilitateddiffusion ____.

a) does not exhibit specificity for a particular type ofmolecule

b) requires the input of energy

c) depends on a concentration gradient

d) goes against the concentration gradient

e) allows non-polar uncharged molecules to diffuse across amembrane

13. A transport system in which transport of an ion in onedirection provides the energy for active transport in the oppositedirection is known as ____.

a) primary active transport

b) active diffusion

c) secondary active transport

d) cotransport

e) osmosis

14. Cells undergo exocytosis ____.

a) to pump protons down a concentration gradient

b) when replicating

c) to secrete protein and wastes from the cell

d) to ingest nutrients

e) as a means of cellular protection

15. What is the molecular basis of familialhypercholestremia?

a) HDL enters cells using a specific receptor on the cellsurface

b) LDL enters cells using a specific receptor on the cellsurface

c) HDL exits cells using a specific receptor on the cellsurface

d) LDL exits cells using a specific receptor on the cellsurface

e) receptor-mediated exocytosis

16. Carrier molecules are utilized for ____.

a) active transport only

b) passive transport only

c) both active and passive transport

d) osmosis

e) transport of all types of molecules

17. All of the following are functions of integral membraneproteins EXCEPT ____.

a) transport of polar molecules

b) reception of chemical signals form other cells

c) cell division

d) recognition of other cells as being "like"

e) cell-cell binding

3. If O2 is found in high concentration on the outside of a cell: a) energy will be expended to pump it inside the cell. b) it will move inside the cell through a protein channel. c) it will form a shell around the outside of the cell. d) it will passively diffuse out of the cell. e) none of the above

4. Which of the following lipid bilayers would have the greatest fluidity and permeability (at room temperature)? a) A bilayer constructed of saturated phospholipids and fewer cholesterol molecules. b) A bilayer constructed of unsaturated phospholipids and more cholesterol molecules. c) A bilayer constructed of saturated phospholipids and more receptor proteins. d) A bilayer constructed of unsaturated phospholipids and less cholesterol molecules. e) A bilayer constructed of unsaturated phospholipids, more cholesterol molecules, and more receptor proteins.

In mammalian cells, how many Na+ molecules are transferred out of a cell and how many K+ molecules are transferred into a cell?

Please check P1&P2 & help with P3

P1.

A. DNA

B. Glycogen

C. Ribosome

D. miRNA

E1. Triacylglycerol

E2. Cyclic AMP

F. Acetyl CoA

G. Testosterone

H. ATP

I. Tau

1. Which molecules contain nucleotides? A, H, F, E2, D, C?

2. Which molecules contain at least one fatty acid? E1

3. Which molecules contain amino acids? I

4. Which molecules contain a sugar? A, B, H, E2, D, F

P2.

A. Phospholipid

B. Glycolipid

C. Cholesterol

D. None

1. Which molecules are amphipathic? A, B, C

2. Which molecules would decrease fluidity of plasma membrane? A?, B?, C

3. Which molecules are important for cell-cell recognition? B?

4. Which molecules are located solely on the intracellular surface of the plasma membrane, facing the cytosol? D

P3. 1. Describe where the following amino acids would be found in the glucose transporter (GLUT2) - part of the protein exposed to the lipid bilayer or within the interior of the transporter - and provide reasoning.

1A. Valine

1B. Serine

Acidic, basic, nonpolar, uncharged polar

2. Which amino acids form hydrogen bonds that shape tertiary structure?

3. Which amino acids allow transmembrane proteins to span the lipid bilayer?

1. The cell membrane bilayer is arranged

2,

Four of the five answers listed below are portions of the cell theory. Select the exception.

Cholesterol is transported in the bloodstream in lipoproteinparticles. There are several classes of lipoprotein particles, butone of the most important classes is called Low-densitylipoproteins (LDL). LDL particles are composed of a single moleculeof a large protein called apolipoprotein, as well as thousands ofcholesterols molecules and phospholipids. Part of theapolipoprotein forms the surface of the particles and faces theaqueous phase, while other parts face the hydrophobic interior ofthe particle where they interact with cholesterol and thehydrophobic tails of the phospholipids. When cells need additionalcholesterol, they produce a receptor protein on the surface oftheir plasma membrane that binds to the apolipoprotein andinitiates the uptake of LDL particles into the cell via a processcalled endocytosis.

1. What is the likely reason that LDL particles are used totransport cholesterol in the blood stream?

a. Cholesterol in LDL particles easily inserts into lipidbilayers

b. Cholesterol id largely insoluble in aqueous solutions

c. Cholesterol is synthesized within LDL particles

d. LDL particles can form lipid rafts in the lipid bilayer

2. What is the most likely location of phospholipids in LDLparticles?

a. Bound to the hydrophilic domain of apolipoprotein

b. In the lipid bilayer that surrounds LDL particles

c. On the surface interacting with the aqueous environment aswell as interacting with the hydrophobic core of the particle

d. Within the hydrophobic core of the particle

3. What best describes the class of protein that apolipoproteinbelongs to?

a. Amphipathic proteins

b. Cell surface proteins

c. Membrane associated protein

d. Multipass membrane proteins

4. What kind of molecule on the surface of the cell would bemost likely to serve as a receptor for LDL particles?

a. a cholesterol binding protein

b. a glycolipid

c. a phospholipid

d. trans membrane protein

5. What conditions would be most likely to trigger increaseduptake of LDL particles by cells?

a. increased glycolipid synthesis

b. increased plasma membrane growth

c. increased protein secretion

d. increase protein synthesis

Cholesterol is transported in the bloodstream in lipoproteinparticles. There are several classes of lipoprotein particles, butone of the most important classes is called Low-densitylipoproteins (LDL). LDL particles are composed of a single moleculeof a large protein called apolipoprotein, as well as thousands ofcholesterols molecules and phospholipids. Part of theapolipoprotein forms the surface of the particles and faces theaqueous phase, while other parts face the hydrophobic interior ofthe particle where they interact with cholesterol and thehydrophobic tails of the phospholipids. When cells need additionalcholesterol, they produce a receptor protein on the surface oftheir plasma membrane that binds to the apolipoprotein andinitiates the uptake of LDL particles into the cell via a processcalled endocytosis.

1. What is the likely reason that LDL particles are used totransport cholesterol in the blood stream?

a. Cholesterol in LDL particles easily inserts into lipidbilayers

b. Cholesterol id largely insoluble in aqueous solutions

c. Cholesterol is synthesized within LDL particles

d. LDL particles can form lipid rafts in the lipid bilayer

2. What is the most likely location of phospholipids in LDLparticles?

a. Bound to the hydrophilic domain of apolipoprotein

b. In the lipid bilayer that surrounds LDL particles

c. On the surface interacting with the aqueous environment aswell as interacting with the hydrophobic core of the particle

d. Within the hydrophobic core of the particle

3. What best describes the class of protein that apolipoproteinbelongs to?

a. Amphipathic proteins

b. Cell surface proteins

c. Membrane associated protein

d. Multipass membrane proteins

4. What kind of molecule on the surface of the cell would bemost likely to serve as a receptor for LDL particles?

a. a cholesterol binding protein

b. a glycolipid

c. a phospholipid

d. trans membrane protein

5. What conditions would be most likely to trigger increaseduptake of LDL particles by cells?

a. increased glycolipid synthesis

b. increased plasma membrane growth

c. increased protein secretion

d. increase protein synthesis

The organelles through the secretory pathway exhibit differential pH. What would NOT be the reason for this differential pH?

1. During protein targeting, lysosomal proteins are tagged with _______________.

2. ………………….. is the signal sequence for ER resident soluble proteins, while…………………..is the signal sequence for ER resident membrane proteins.

3. Which of the following organelles does not participate in the secretory pathway?

a.Peroxisome

b.Golgi complex

c.Lysosome

d.Endosome

e. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

4. What would be the consequence if a cell failed to express a functional signal peptidase enzyme?

a.It would be unable to secret most secretory proteins.

b.It would be unable to synthesize most nucleotides, including ATP.

c.It would be unable to transport most nuclear proteins into the nucleus.

d.It would be unable to reduce most electron carriers, including NAD+

5. Explain the difference between regulated and constitutive secretion.

6. Which of the following is not a type of vesicle coat protein?

a.Clathrin

b.Rab

c.COPI

d.COPII

e.All are types of vesicle coat proteins

7. What is the protein targeting sequence to the ER?

1. The histones that form the core of the nucleosome get into the nucleus by which of the following?

a) Passive diffusion through nuclear pores

b) Selective and facilitated active transport through nuclear pores

c) Ribosomes located in the nucleus synthetize histones in the nucleus

d) Histones are made at the ER membrane and then diffuse to the nucleus

2. Membrane proteins that belong to the golgi, lysosome, or plasma membrane first pass through which organelle before reaching their final subcellular destination?

a) The golgi apparatus

b) The smooth ER

c) The nucleus

d) The ER membrane

e) The ER lumen

3. Where in the cell would a ribosomal protein be located if it has had its nuclear export signal inactivated (non-functional or non-existent).

a) The protein would be found in the ER lumen

b) The protein would remain in the nucleus

c) The protein would be secreted

d) The protein would remain in the cytoplasm

e) The protein would be in the ER membrane

4. Where would be the final destination of a protein if it contained a NLS anywhere in the protein sequence (and which is exposed to the cytoplasm after protein folding) but also contained an ER signal sequence at the carboxy terminus?

a) The ER lumen

b) The nucleus

c) The cytoplasm

d) The inner nuclear membrane

e) The ER membrane

5. The sequence K-D-E-L serves as a retention/retrieval signal for ER proteins.

a) True

b) False

6. The following are true for both cell membrane proteins and secretory proteins EXCEPT?

a) Precursors of the mature proteins contain signal sequence.

b) Both types of proteins contain stop-transfer sequences

c) Both types of proteins enter the ER while being synthetized

d) Both types of proteins pas through the golgi apparatus

e) Both are carried by clatherin-coated vesicles

7. If you isolate a regulated secreted protein from a secretory/storage vesicle and inject it into the cytosol, is will?

a) Be secreted through channels in the plasma membrane

b) Be taken up into secretory vesicle and secreted

c) Remain in the cytosol until it is degraded

d) Be taken up into the rough ER and follow the secretory pathway

1. The histones that form the core of the nucleosome get into the nucleus by which of the following?

a) Passive diffusion through nuclear pores

b) Selective and facilitated active transport through nuclear pores

c) Ribosomes located in the nucleus synthetize histones in the nucleus

d) Histones are made at the ER membrane and then diffuse to the nucleus

2. Membrane proteins that belong to the golgi, lysosome, or plasma membrane first pass through which organelle before reaching their final subcellular destination?

a) The golgi apparatus

b) The smooth ER

c) The nucleus

d) The ER membrane

e) The ER lumen

3. Where in the cell would a ribosomal protein be located if it has had its nuclear export signal inactivated (non-functional or non-existent).

a) The protein would be found in the ER lumen

b) The protein would remain in the nucleus

c) The protein would be secreted

d) The protein would remain in the cytoplasm

e) The protein would be in the ER membrane

4. Where would be the final destination of a protein if it contained a NLS anywhere in the protein sequence (and which is exposed to the cytoplasm after protein folding) but also contained an ER signal sequence at the carboxy terminus?

a) The ER lumen

b) The nucleus

c) The cytoplasm

d) The inner nuclear membrane

e) The ER membrane

5. The sequence K-D-E-L serves as a retention/retrieval signal for ER proteins.

a) True

b) False

6. The following are true for both cell membrane proteins and secretory proteins EXCEPT?

a) Precursors of the mature proteins contain signal sequence.

b) Both types of proteins contain stop-transfer sequences

c) Both types of proteins enter the ER while being synthetized

d) Both types of proteins pas through the golgi apparatus

e) Both are carried by clatherin-coated vesicles

7. If you isolate a regulated secreted protein from a secretory/storage vesicle and inject it into the cytosol, is will?

a) Be secreted through channels in the plasma membrane

b) Be taken up into secretory vesicle and secreted

c) Remain in the cytosol until it is degraded

d) Be taken up into the rough ER and follow the secretory pathway