Explain how the parameters in the function y=af(b(x-h))+k compare to the parameters  

please explain in detail.

give a possible interpretation of Tim’s strategy.

Choose the best answer.

Two true breeding pepper plans lines P1 and P2 produce peppers with weights of 9oz and 5oz. When the two lines are crossed the F1 has an average weight of 7oz and a variance of 1.0. The F2 has an average weight of 7oz and a variance of 3.0. What is H^2?

biochemists

describe what the career is

Where can you study this?

What are the prerequisite?

How many years of study?

How much can you make?

What are some personal traits of someone interested in this field ?

Where did you find out about this career ?

Are you interested in studying this?

Consider two pure-breeding lines of grapes, P₁ and P₂.

The average diameter of P₁ grapes is 1.2 cm and the variance is 0.30 cm².

The average diameter of P₂ grapes is 1.6 cm and the variance is 0.56 cm².

The two pure-breeding lines are crossed to produce F₁ progeny.

Consider the two pure-breeding lines of grapes from Part A -- P₁ and P_2,

The average diameter of P₁ grapes is 1.2 cm and the variance is 0.30 cm².

The average diameter of P₂ grapes is 1.6 cm and the variance is 0.56 cm².

The two pure-breeding lines are crossed to produce F₁ progeny, which are then crossed to produce F₂ progeny. This data table shows the variance of the fruit diameter for the different lines of plants.

What is the environmental variance (V_E) of fruit diameter? Enter your answer to two decimal places. (example: 0.85)

Two pure breeding lines of pumpkins, P1 and P2, that produce gourds of different weights are crossed. Consider the means and variances for gourd weight for each of the parental strains as well as their F1 and F2 progeny, reported in the table below. What is the average environmental variance and what is the broad sense heritability? Please report your answer as a decimal with 2 significant digits.? Please report your answer as a decimal with 2 significant digits (e.g. 0.67).

average weight VP

In addition, What is the broad sense heritability? Please report your answer as a decimal with 2 significant digits.

Two pure breeding lines of pumpkins, P1 and P2, that produce gourds of different weights are crossed. Consider the means and variances for gourd weight for each of the parental strains as well as their F1 and F2 progeny, reported in the table below. What is the average environmental variance? Please report your answer as a decimal with 2 significant digits (e.g. 0.67).

Two pure breeding lines of pumpkins, P1 and P2, that produce gourds of different weights are crossed. Consider the means and variances for gourd weight for each of the parental strains as well as their F1 and F2 progeny, reported in the table below. What is the average environmental variance and what is the broad sense heritability? Please report your answer as a decimal with 2 significant digits.? Please report your answer as a decimal with 2 significant digits (e.g. 0.67).

average weight VP

P1 3.25 Lbs 2.15

P2 7 Lbs 3.25

F1 5.15 Lbs 2.78

F2 5.37 4.15

The value of equal 1 Enter your value is distance units of meters measured starting from point ARemember to also all your work, including the equations and diagrams for V and M

For values of p(i.e. the frequency of allele B₁ranging from 0.1 to 0.9, in increments of 0.1, calculate each of the following: m, a₁, a₂, a(= a₁- a₂), breeding values for the three genotypes (A₁₁,A₁₂, and A₂₂), and the additive, dominance, and total genetic variance. Prior to doing these calculations, rescale your genotypic values to set m= 0. Set this up in an Excel spreadsheet, with each of the inputs (a, d, and p) and all calculated values in separate columns. Put each value of pin a separate row. Then answer the following questions:

a. How would you describe the dominance relationship of B₁to B₂? (I.e. is the effect of B₁dominant, partially dominant, completely additive, recessive, partially recessive, or overdominant?)

these data needed for work these questions

Sample Genotype Weight

1 B1B1 113

2 B1B1 96

3 B1B1 109

4 B1B1 113

5 B1B1 114

6 B1B1 108

7 B1B1 112

8 B1B1 90

9 B1B1 106

10 B1B1 124

11 B1B1 103

12 B1B1 117

13 B1B1 119

14 B1B1 113

15 B1B1 113

16 B1B2 108

17 B1B2 118

18 B1B2 103

19 B1B2 112

20 B1B2 93

21 B1B2 110

22 B1B2 99

23 B1B2 101

24 B1B2 97

25 B1B2 106

26 B1B2 107

27 B1B2 110

28 B1B2 94

29 B1B2 118

30 B1B2 107

31 B1B2 108

32 B1B2 104

33 B1B2 110

34 B1B2 98

35 B1B2 96

36 B1B2 105

37 B1B2 109

38 B1B2 125

39 B2B2 79

40 B2B2 85

41 B2B2 98

42 B2B2 81

43 B2B2 97

44 B2B2 103

45 B2B2 90

46 B2B2 82

47 B2B2 84

48 B2B2 105

49 B2B2 84

50 B2B2 92

b. How does the value of achange as the frequency of B₁changes?

c. At what frequency of B₁is V_Athe greatest? V_D? V_G?

d. Suppose B₁is initially at low frequency (0.1) in the population, but the mice are selected for higher body weight over many generations. What will happen over time to the frequency of B₁? What will happen to the breeding value of B₁B₂heterozygotes?

Sample Genotype Weight

1 B1B1 113

2 B1B1 96

3 B1B1 109

4 B1B1 113

5 B1B1 114

6 B1B1 108

7 B1B1 112

8 B1B1 90

9 B1B1 106

10 B1B1 124

11 B1B1 103

12 B1B1 117

13 B1B1 119

14 B1B1 113

15 B1B1 113

16 B1B2 108

17 B1B2 118

18 B1B2 103

19 B1B2 112

20 B1B2 93

21 B1B2 110

22 B1B2 99

23 B1B2 101

24 B1B2 97

25 B1B2 106

26 B1B2 107

27 B1B2 110

28 B1B2 94

29 B1B2 118

30 B1B2 107

31 B1B2 108

32 B1B2 104

33 B1B2 110

34 B1B2 98

35 B1B2 96

36 B1B2 105

37 B1B2 109

38 B1B2 125

39 B2B2 79

40 B2B2 85

41 B2B2 98

42 B2B2 81

43 B2B2 97

44 B2B2 103

45 B2B2 90

46 B2B2 82

47 B2B2 84

48 B2B2 105

49 B2B2 84

50 B2B2 92

A particular gene Baffects body weight in mice. In a randomly mating population, Bhas two alleles, designated B₁andB₂. The genotypes and body weights of a sample of 50 mice are shown on the following page, and are also posted in an Excel spreadsheet on Canvas.

1. Calculate the genotypic values for the three genotypes B₁B₁,B₁B₂, and B₂B₂.

1. Find the mid-homozygote value (m) and the values for a and d.

2. For values of p(i.e. the frequency of allele B₁ranging from 0.1 to 0.9, in increments of 0.1, calculate each of the following: m, a₁, a₂,a(= a₁- a₂), breeding values for the three genotypes (A₁₁,A₁₂, and A₂₂), and the additive, dominance, and total genetic variance. Prior to doing these calculations, rescale your genotypic values to set m= 0. Set this up in an Excel spreadsheet, with each of the inputs (a, d, and p) and all calculated values in separate columns. Put each value of pin a separate row. Then answer the following questions:

a. How would you describe the dominance relationship of B₁to B₂? (I.e. is the effect of B₁dominant, partially dominant, completely additive, recessive, partially recessive, or overdominant?)

b. How does the value of achange as the frequency of B₁changes?

c. At what frequency of B₁is V_Athe greatest? V_D? V_G?

d. Suppose B₁is initially at low frequency (0.1) in the population, but the mice are selected for higher body weight over many generations. What will happen over time to the frequency of B₁? What will happen to the breeding value of B₁B₂heterozygotes?

below is the data that need to solve above question and I WANT TO GET HELP OR GUIDE ON HOW TO DO THESE QUESTION IF ANY ONE KNOW:

Sample Genotype Weight

1 B1B1 113

2 B1B1 96

3 B1B1 109

4 B1B1 113

5 B1B1 114

6 B1B1 108

7 B1B1 112

8 B1B1 90

9 B1B1 106

10 B1B1 124

11 B1B1 103

12 B1B1 117

13 B1B1 119

14 B1B1 113

15 B1B1 113

16 B1B2 108

17 B1B2 118

18 B1B2 103

19 B1B2 112

20 B1B2 93

21 B1B2 110

22 B1B2 99

23 B1B2 101

24 B1B2 97

25 B1B2 106

26 B1B2 107

27 B1B2 110

28 B1B2 94

29 B1B2 118

30 B1B2 107

31 B1B2 108

32 B1B2 104

33 B1B2 110

34 B1B2 98

35 B1B2 96

36 B1B2 105

37 B1B2 109

38 B1B2 125

39 B2B2 79

40 B2B2 85

41 B2B2 98

42 B2B2 81

43 B2B2 97

44 B2B2 103

45 B2B2 90

46 B2B2 82

47 B2B2 84

48 B2B2 105

49 B2B2 84

50 B2B2 92

4.Which of the equations below represent the partition of the phenotypic value into genotypic values of 3 loci, including interaction (genotypic) between loci 1 and 3, and environment value, while deviating them from the mean?

5 -6 The question description below should be use for this question and question 6:

An animal scientist that did not take an animal breeding course at ISU during her/his undergraduate education was requested to help with the interpretation of some results at a cattle breed association (AASCB; The American Association of Some Cattle Breed). More specifically, AASCB is interested in genetically improving insemination rates in bulls.

Based on the results they obtained, it seems that there are 2 major QTL for this trait. In general, these 2 loci alone explain 80% of all genetic variability, whereas the other 20% is controlled by lots and lots of loci with smaller effect. So, the practical thing to do is to work with the genotypes of these 2 loci.

One of these loci (T/t) is purely additive, whereas the other locus (D/d) is partially dominant. The additive effects (a) for these two loci are 5% (T/t) and 3% (D/d). The dominance effect (d) is of 2%. In other words, we would expect TT, Tt, and tt animals to have 5%, 0%, and - 5% insemination rate compared to the mean. Likewise, DD, Dd, and dd animals would have 3%, 2%, and -3%, respectively. These are their genotypic values at each locus.

Question:

Given all of this and your knowledge of genotypic values within and across loci, what is the genotypic value of an animal with genotype TTDD?

Please use the description in question 5.

6.Interestingly, it seems that TTdd animals have 5% greater insemination rate than what you would expect them to have. Thus, it seems that there is an interaction between these two loci when genotypes TT and dd are present on the same individual.

What is the genotypic value for a TTdd animal given all the information in this question and question 5?

Consider a hypothetical quantitative trait (a weight of somekind) affected by five loci. Assume the following:

NO DOMINANCE at any loci
The independent effect of each dominant gene is +10 lbs.
The independent effect of each recessive gene is -4 lbs.
For homozygous combinations, genotypic values are equal to breedingvalues.
µ (mean)= 600 lb.


For the genotype AaBbCcDdEe, find the genotypic value (G).

For the genotypic value (G) I got 5(10-4) = +30. [Being thatthey're heterozygous, I'm guessing that the dominant/recessive genewill effect each other].

If I'm way off with my answer, could you please tell me what I'mdoing wrong. I have a hard time distinguishing the differencebetween a genotypic value and breeding value. Any help with thiswill be greatly appreciated.

Thank You!!
Ana

Consider a hypothetical quantitative trait (a weight of somekind) affected by five loci. Assume the following:

NO DOMINANCE at any loci
The independent effect of each dominant gene is +10 lbs.
The independent effect of each recessive gene is -4 lbs.
For homozygous combinations, genotypic values are equal to breedingvalues.
µ (mean) = 600 lb.


For the genotype AaBbCcDdEe, find the breeding value (BV).

I attempted to solve this problem but I'm not entirely sure if Iwent about it in the correct manner. In regards to the breedingvalue (BV) I came up with 5(+10) + 5(-4) = +30 [I basically addedthe values of each allele]

If I'm way off with my answer, could you please tell me what I'mdoing wrong. I have a hard time distinguishing the differencebetween a genotypic value and breeding value. Any help with thiswill be greatly appreciated.

Thank You!!
Ana

Consider a hypothetical quantitative trait (a weight of some kind)affected by five loci. Assume the following:

NO DOMINANCE at any loci
The independent effect of each dominant gene is +10 lbs.
The independent effect of each recessive gene is -4 lbs.
For homozygous combinations, genotypic values are equal to breedingvalues.
? = 600 lb.


For the genotype AaBbCcDdEe, find the breeding value (BV) andgenotypic value (G).

I attempted to solve this problem but I'm not entirely sure if Iwent about it in the correct manner. In regards to the breedingvalue (BV) I came up with 5(+10) + 5(-4) = +30 [I basically addedthe values of each allele]
As for the genotypic value (G) I got 5(10-4) = +30. [Being thatthey're heterozygous, I'm guessing that the dominant/recessive genewill effect each other].

If I'm way off with my answers, could you please tell me what I'mdoing wrong. I have a hard time distinguishing the differencebetween a genotypic value and breeding value. Any help with thiswill be greatly appreciated.

Thank You!!
Ana

Consider a hypothetical quantitative trait ( a weight of some kind) affected by seven loci. Assume the following:

Complete dominance at all loci. No epistasis. (3 pts)

The independent effect of each dominant gene is +6 lb.

The independent effect of each recessive gene is -3 lb.

For homozygous combinations, genotypic values are equal to breeding values.

? = 700 lb.

Fill in the following table:

Which individual is the heaviest? Explain.

Which would produce the heaviest offspring (on average)? Explain.

PROBLEM D

Consider a hypothetical quantitative trait (a weight of some kind) affected by five loci for the two individuals (1) and (2). Assume the following:

Complete dominance at each locus. No epistasis.

The independent effect of each dominant allele is +8 lb.

The independent effect of each recessive allele is -3 lb.

The phenotypic mean for the trait = 600 lbs.

(BV= breeding value, G=Genotypic Value, GCV=gene combination value, E= environmental effect on animal's preformance, P=Phenotypic Value)

Fill in the blanks in the table above and answer the following questions:

D1. Which individual is heavier? Why?

D2. Which would produce heavier offspring (on average)? Why?

ALLELIC ACTION

PROBLEM E

Given the following values for performance of genotypes, what type of allelic action is represented in each situation?

Consider a hypothetical quantitative trait (a weight of some kind) affected by five loci for the two individuals (1) and (2). Assume the following: Complete dominance at each locus. No epistasis. The independent effect of each dominant gene is +8 lb. The independent effect of each recessive gene is -3 lb. The phenotypic mean for the trait = 600 lbs. (1) AaBbCcDdEe (2) AAbbCCddEE

I need to find BV G GCV P for each individual. I know that E for (1) = -15 and E for (2) = 12.

Please help! I really need to know the process behind each answer!

BV = Breeding Value

G = Genotypic Value

GCV = Gene Combination Value

E = environmental effect

Consider a hypothetical quantitative trait ( a weight of some kind) affected by seven loci. Assume the following:

Complete dominance at all loci. No epistasis. (3 pts)

The independent effect of each dominant gene is +6 lb.

The independent effect of each recessive gene is -3 lb.

For homozygous combinations, genotypic values are equal to breeding values.

? = 700 lb.

Fill in the following table:

Which individual is the heaviest? Explain.

Which would produce the heaviest offspring (on average)? Explain.

BV = breeding values, GCV = gene combination values, E = Environmental effects P = phenotypic values

Consider a hypothetical quantitative trait (a weight of some kind) affected by five loci. Assume the following:

-complete dominance at all loci. No epistasis.

-The independent effect of each dominant gene is +10 lb.

-the independent effect of each recessive gene is -4 lb.

For homozygous combos, genotypic values are equal to breeding values.

avg=600 lbs

B)Which individual is the heaviest? Explain.

C) Which would produce the heaviest offspring on average? explain

D) now fill in the same table assuming no dominance at any loci.

E) Which individual is the heaviest? explain

F) Which would produce the heaviest offspring? Explain

G) How and why do E and F differ from B and C?

Please include work

Consider a hypothetical quantitative trait ( a weight of some kind) affected by seven loci. Assume the following:

Complete dominance at all loci. No epistasis. (3 pts)

The independent effect of each dominant gene is +6 lb.

The independent effect of each recessive gene is -3 lb.

For homozygous combinations, genotypic values are equal to breeding values.

? = 700 lb.

Fill in the following table:

Which individual is the heaviest? Explain.

Which would produce the heaviest offspring (on average)? Explain.

BV = breeding values, GCV = gene combination values, E = Environmental effects P = phenotypic values

Consider a hypothetical quantitative weight trait affected by five loci. Assume complete dominance at all loci, and no epistasis. The independent effect of each dominant allele is +8 lb and the independent effect of each recessive allele is -2 lb. The population mean for the trait is 500 lb.

a. If an animal is heterozygous at all loci, and the environmental effect is -12 lb, what are the values for the animal’s breeding value, genotypic value, gene combination value, and phenotypic value?

b. If an animal is homozygous dominant at three loci and homozygous recessive at the other two, and the environmental effect is +10, what are the values for the animal’s breeding value, genotypic value, gene combination value, and phenotypic value?

c. Which animal would produce the heaviest offspring, on average? Why?

1. The mean adult weight of your pig population is 720 lbs. P1 is an outstanding pig and has an adult weight of 650 lbs. After carrying out matings between P1 with any sows from your population, you obtained a new population (i.e. progeny of P1). The mean adult weight of the progeny population is only 780  lbs.

a. What is your estimate of P1’s breeding value?

b. Assuming there is no dominance or epistasis at the loci that influence adult weight, calculate P1’s genotypic value (G), environmental effect (E), and gene combination value (GCV)

2. You measure the body weight of a cattle population. The variance of body weight is 50 lbs^2 and the variance caused by permanent environmental effect is 10 lbs^2 . The correlation coefficient between body weight and breeding value is 0.4. The repeatability of body weight is 0.8.

a. What is the narrow-sense heritability h^2?

b. What is the variance of breeding values?

c. What is the variance of gene combination values?

In the Cori cycle, when glucose is degraded by glycolysis to lactate in muscle, the lactate is excreted into the blood and returns to the liver where it is converted back into glucose by gluconeogenesis. For each enzyme below, identify whether it is involved in the glycolysis pathyway, gluconeogenesis pathway, both pathways or neither pathway.

In the Cori cycle, when glucose is degraded by glycolysis to lactate in muscle, the lactate is excreted into the blood and returns to the liver where it is converted back into glucose by gluconeogenesis. For each enzyme below, identify whether it is involved in the glycolysis pathyway, gluconeogenesis pathway, both pathways or neither pathway.

1. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

2. glucose-6-phosphatase

3. alcohol dehydrogenase

4. fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

5. pyruvate kinase

6. phosphoglycerate kinase

7. phosphofructokinase-1

8. pyruvate decarboxylase

Biochemistry

Including the following: describe what it is

why is it interesting to study ?

Where did you find out about it?

What can you study this career ?

What are the some personal traits of someone interested in this field ?

In the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose, the metabolic pathway the yields the most reducing equivalents and/or ATP’s is

A. Glycolysis from glucose to pyruvate

B. Pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction

C. Citric acid cycle plus the electron transport chain

D. Conversion of glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate to lactate in muscle, followed by its conversion to pyruvate or glucose in the liver.

Please confirm if C is the answer.

For each of the reactions or products given choose the metabolic pathway or pathways where that reaction occurs or the product is made.
The topic for this problem is aerobic respiration.
Some responses may be used more than once while others may not be used at all.
For each part of the question choose the best or most complete response.

A) Glycolysis

B) Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

C) Kreb Cycle

D) Electron Transport Chain

E) Both Glycolysis and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

F) Both Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle

G) Both Pyruvate Dehydrogenase and Krebs Cycle

H) Glycolysis, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase and Krebs Cycle

I) Glycolysis, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Kreb Cycle and Electron Transport Chain

1. acetyl-CoA is made

2. Redox reactions occur

3. NAD⁺ is reduced to NADH + H⁺

4. ATP + glucose yields ADP + glucose-6-phosphate