Write the following English descriptions of rules using the rule format we’ve learned in class (e.g., rules like [+F]→[−F]/ #). Use features to describe segments and envi- ronments as much as possible. If it’s important for your answer, assume English segments and the corresponding features. (Hint: Suppose the difference between an affricate and a stop is that affricates are post-alveolar and [+strident].)

(1) Laterals delete before a nasal consonant.

(2) Insert a mid front tense vowel between two stops.

(3) Obstruents become voiceless at the end of a word.

(4) At the beginning of words, delete a vowel if there’s another vowel immediately after it.

(5) Nasals become stops if the preceding vowel is nasalized.

(6) Coronal stops become affricates before high front vowels.

(7) All consonants except glides delete if there are two non-glide consonants before them.

(8) A vowel becomes round if there’s another round vowel after it, separated by any number of consonants.

Restate the following rules in regular English (or at least, English as spoken by phonologists). Try to use general phonetic descriptions as much as possible. You can suppose English segments and features. (Note: [ σ stands for the beginning of a syllable, and ]σ  stands for the end of a syllable.)

(1).   C→[ +nasal ] / [+syllabic, +nasal ]____

(2).   [ +lateral ] → [ −lateral ] / [ σ [+cont]____

(3). [ V, +high] → [ −high] / ____ [ C, −high, −back ]

(4) Ø → [ɹ] / V#____ V

(5) [ Dorsal, +back] → [ −back] / [ +anterior]____

(6) V→[αtense] / ____ C0[αtense]

(7) C → Ø / CC____

Greenlandic is an Eskimo–Aleut language spoken mostly by Greenlandic Inuit in Greenland. Pay attention to the distribution of vowels in the following data, and then answer the questions. Note that [q] is a voiceless uvular plosive and [ʁ] is a voiced uvular fricative.

ivnɑq ‘bluff’                          ipeʁɑq ‘harpoon strap’            imɑq ‘sea’
tuluvɑq ‘raven’                     sɑvɑ ‘sheep’                             nunɑ ‘land’
nɑnoq ‘bear’                         iseʁɑq ‘ankle’                          igɑ ‘pot’
seʁmeq ‘glacier’                  qɑsɑloq ‘bark’                         ikusik ‘elbow’
qilɑluvɑq ‘white whale’       qɑtigɑk ‘back’                         sɑkiɑk ‘rib’
ugsik ‘cow’                            neʁdloq ‘goose’                      oʁpik ‘tree’

1. Arrange all the vowels in this data in a table by their height and backness.

2. List the segments that occur after [i u] and [e o].
a. After [i u]:
b. After [e o]    

3. Now restate the contexts from the previous question in terms of features. (You can use “elsewhere”.)
a. After [i u]:
b. After [e o]:  

4. Give feature descriptions for the natural segment classes [i u] and [e o]. You should use as few features as possible while correctly excluding segments not part of these classes.   5. Write a rule in formal notation that relates underlying representations to surface representations.   6. Show derivations for the following surface forms by stating the underlying representation for each form and showing the output of the rule. Remember to use the correct brackets.
UR 
Rule 
SR        [tuluvɑq]          [neʁdloq]           [iseʁɑq]

Kongo is a Bantu language spoken by Kongo people living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, Angola and Gabon. Examine the following data from Kongo, paying particular attention to the distribution of alveolar and post-alveolar stops/affricates and fricatives ([t, s, z] and [t͡ʃ, ʃ, ʒ]). Assume that [t] is [+anterior]and [t͡ʃ] is [−anterior].

                               tobolɑ ‘to bore a hole’         t͡ʃinɑ ‘to cut’                       kesokɑ ‘to be cut’
                               knoʃi ‘lion’                             zengɑ ‘to cut’                    ʒimɑ ‘to stretch’
                               kɑsu ‘emaciation’                 t͡ʃibɑ ‘banana’                    nselele ‘termite’
                               lolonʒi ‘to wash’                   zevo ‘then’                         ɑʒimolɑ ‘alms’
                               nzwetu ‘our house’              kunezulu ‘to heaven’         tɑnu ‘five’

1. List the segments that occur after the following groups of sounds:

a. [t, s, z] occur before:

b. [t͡ʃ, ʃ, ʒ] occur before:

2. Now restate the contexts from the previous question in terms of features. (You may use “elsewhere”.)  

a. [t, s, z] occur before:
b. [t͡ʃ, ʃ, ʒ] occur before          

3. Write a single rule in formal notation that relates underlying representations to surface representations.        

4. Show derivations for the following surface forms by stating the underlying representation for each form and showing the output of the rule. Remember to use the correct brackets.  
UR 
Rule 
SR                       [knoʃi]           [ɑʒimolɑ]             [nzwetu]               [t͡ʃinɑ]