FNN 202 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Anti-Inflammatory, Portal Vein, Low-Density Lipoprotein

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blackspider29

19 Jul 2020

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Classifications of lipids: fatty acids, sterols and phospholipids. Fatty acids are formed from triacylglycerols (3 fa+ 1 glycerol) They"re 95% of fats: omega 3 and omega 6. Phospholipids: include less then 1% of total fats; makes up cell membrane. Classify fatty acids according to structure and #c: omega 3 and omega 6. For structures: count the # of c"s from methyl end and so on: linolenic= omega 3. 18 c, 3 double bonds, each double bond is found at carbon #3, 6, and 9 (remember to count the carbon #s from methyl head and so forth: linoleic= omega 6. 18c, 2 double bonds, each at carbon # 6 and 9. Animal fats and the tropical oils of coconut and palm are mostly saturated fat. Many vegetable oils are rich in polyunsaturated fats (sunflower, safflower, corn oil, soybean, and cotton seed) Some vegetable oils (such as olive, canola, peanut and lard) are rich in monounsaturated fa.

Related Questions

25. Which of the following statements concerning fatty acids is incorrect?

A. fatty acids are rarely found in the free state in nature

B. double bonds present in fatty acids are almost always in a cis-configuration

C. at least 20 carbon atoms must be present in the carbon chain of a fatty acid

D. some fatty acids needed in the human body must be obtained from food because they cannot be synthesized with the body

26. In which of the following types of lipids are two ester linkages and one amide linkage present?

A. glycerophospholipids

B. sphingophospholipids

C. sphingoglycolipids

D. triacylglycerols

27. Which is the correct series of reactions in fatty acid synthesis?

A. Condensation, reduction, hydration, reduction

B. Condensation, oxidation, dehydration, oxidation

C. Reduction, hydration, reduction, thiolysis

D. Oxidation, hydration, oxidation, thiolysis

E. Condensation, reduction, dehydration, reduction

28. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are essential fatty acids because

A. They are precursors for palmitate.

B. They are local hormones.

C. They are omega-6 fatty acids.

D. They have cis-double bonds beyond carbon 9.

E. They are omega-3 fatty acids.

29. The process of fatty acid synthesis involves all of the following except:

A. complex Fatty acid synthase

B. Acetyl CoA carboxylase

C. NADH

D. Malonyl CoA

E. acetyl coA

18. Circle the fatty acid in each pair that has the higher melting temperature.
(a) 18:1â9 vs 18:2â9,12
(b) 18:0 vs 18:1â9
(c) 18:0 vs 16:0
19. Categorize each of the following as an aldose, a ketose, or neither.
H H H H H
HOH OHOH HOHO
O HOH HOH HOH HOH HOH HOH HOHO HH
H H H H H
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

20. What is the most significant chemical difference between triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids that leads to their different functions?

21. What is the effect of a double bond on the fatty acid structure?

22. (a) When relatively high concentrations of fatty acids are suspended in water, they form structures known as ________. (b) When relatively high concentrations of membrane phospholipids are dissolved in water, they form structures known as ________. (c) Why are the structures listed in your answers to (a) and (b) above energetically favored?

23. What is the role of cholesterol in terms of membrane fluidity?

24. There are two reactions in glycolysis which involve the isomerization of an aldose to a ketose or vice-versa. What enzymes catalyze those two reactions?

25. The simple sugar that is used as the reference for naming D and L states of sugars is:

26. Draw D-glucose and a C-3 epimer of D-glucose.

27. Draw the cyclic forms of D-glucose and indicate the anomeric carbon with a *. Name the forms.

28. Describe the structure of starch. Include the identity of its subunits and the details of the bonds between them.

29. Why can humans not use cellulose as a nutrient?

30. Circle the following fatty acid that would have the lowest melting point. Put a square box around the fatty acid that is unlikely to be a natural product. Lastly, Name the fatty acid that you have not Circled or Boxed.

31. In cells, fatty acids are stored as triacylglycerols for energy reserves. Draw the molecule that fatty acids react with to form these energy storage molecules.

1. What is an organic molecule?

2.Name three hydrocarbons and be able to draw their structural formulas.

3. What is an isomer? List and describe the three types (structural, geometric, and enantiomers).

4. Be able to recognize and describe the properties of these functional groups: aldehyde, ketone, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate groups.

5. What is a monosaccharide? Give two examples of these molecules and their functions.

6. Describe these chemical reactions: dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) and hydrolysis (rehydration).

7. What is a disaccharide? List two and give their functions.

8. What is a polysaccharide? List two storage forms and two structural forms. How are they formed and what is their specific function?

9. How do the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar levels?

10. What is molting and why is it necessary in certain animals?

11. What four molecules are bonded together to form a triglyceride or fat? Why are fats nonpolar? What are some functions of fats as well as other lipids such as oils and waxes?

12. How do saturated and unsaturated fats differ? Discuss bonding patterns and possible sources of these fats. Which type is healthier for you? Why?

13. Why do animals store most of their excess glucose as fats or oils rather than as glycogen or protein? Give two reasons.

14. What are phospholipids? Identify parts of the phospholipid bilayer that are hydrophobic or hydrophilic? What important cell structure do these molecules help create?

15. Describe the structure of a steroid. How is cholesterol used in beneficial ways in your body?

16. What are LDLs and HDLs? Which is considered good or bad cholesterol? What condition could result from high blood pressure?

17. What are four ways to either reduce high blood cholesterol or maintain a safe level?

18. What is the composition of an amino acid? Why would they be considered nonpolar, polar, acidic, or basic?

19. Define dipeptides and polypeptides.

20. Describe the primary structure of a protein. What type of bonding creates it?

21. What is the secondary structure of a protein? Name two types of secondary structure and indicate what type of bonding holds them together. List three fibrous proteins.

22. What is the tertiary structure of a protein? What types of bonds or chemical interactions allow a protein to maintain this structure? List three globular proteins.

23. What is the quaternary structure of a protein? Describe a hemoglobin molecule.

24. What are the subunits of nucleic acids and what is their composition? How are these subunits bonded together? What is DNS's basic shape?

25. List three differences between DNA and RNA.

FNN 202 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Anti-Inflammatory, Portal Vein, Low-Density Lipoprotein

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