The Biomedical Model
Illnesses can be explained by focusing on problems in an organisms biological functioning
Focuses on lowerlevel biological processes
Does not examine health in a broader context
Ignores psychological and social influences
Problems with this model
Too reductionist
Reduces illness to only biological factors, ignores the role of psychology, sociological factors
The biomedical model cannot account for many findings
Psychological and social factors including stress, social support, and emotions play roles in progression and
management of cardiac disease and cancers
Interventions that prioritize psychological and social factors are effective at treating biological illnesses
Illness disproportionately affects different social groups
The Biomedical Model and Mental Health
Assumptions regarding mental disorders:
Brain diseases caused by biological abnormalities located in the brain
No meaningful distinction between mental disease and physical disease and biological treatment is
preferred
Implications of the biomedical model of mental disorders
The theory that mental disorders are caused by chemical imbalances in the brain has important cultural
uses
This explanation is endorsed by many patient advocacy groups
Biological treatments of mental disorders dominate Scientists have yet to identify a biological cause of any psychiatric diagnosis
Consequences of the Biomedical Model
Failure to reduce stigma
Attitudes towards people with mental disorders have not improved
Desire for social distance from people with schizophrenia has increased
Mental illness rates increasing
The Biopsychosocial Model
Biological, psychological and social factors combine and interact to influence physical and mental health
Allowed design of multilevel approach’s to human health
Critiques of this model
A biopsychosocial model of health may encourage a blame the patient attitude or lead people to believe that
illness is all in your head
The fact that biology, sociology, and psychology contribute to illness is obvious, it cannot be the basis for a
psychological theory or model
This model is hard to implement as an intervention
Promoting Health and Preventing Illness
Health Promotion: efforts to encourage people to engage in healthy behaviors
Prevention: Targeted efforts to reduce the probability of getting an illness or reduce the severity of illness
when it does occur
Primary: aimed at healthy people to keep them healthy
Secondary: Aimed at people affected by health condition. Goal is to prevent the condition from leading to
more sever consequences
Tertiary: disease or disorder has not been prevented. Goal to reduce the impact of disorder on patients
Informational Appeals: provide facts and arguments about why it is important to engage in behavior
Fear Appeals: use fear to persuade people to change their behavior Factors that affect the persuasiveness of appeal
Amount of fear elicited, other emotions elicited, Presence of clear behavioral recommendation, Timing,
Severity, specificity of message, personalization of message, message framing, believability of message.
Message Framing
Gain Frame: framed in terms of positive consequences of healthy behavior
Loss Frame: framed in terms of negative consequences of unhealthy behavior
Berry et al
Studied the relationship between believability of exerciserelated messages and intentions to exercise
Two types of messages health and beauty
RESULTS: HEALTH CONDITION
Implicit believability predicted attitudes toward exercise and intention to exercise
P’s who were able to quickly rate exercise as healthy and good for them were more likely to hold positive
attitudes towards exercise and were more likely to intend to exercise
Explicit believability did not predict attitudes towards exercise
Explicit believability is more subject to social desirability than implicit believability is – p’s may have explicitly
agreed with message of ads but did not agree implicitly therefore attitudes and intentions did not change
RESULTS APPEARANCE CONDITION:
Implicit did not predict attitude towards exercise
The more participants implicitly believed that exercise can improve their appearance, the lower their
intention to exercise
Models in ads may show unattainable appearance
May lead to greater body dissatisfaction
Explicit believability did not predict attitudes towards exercises
The Health Belief Model
Suggests that the actions we take to safeguard out health are influenced by a number of factors, including
(a) general healt
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