ECH 2310 Study Guide - Final Guide: Precondition, Amour-Propre, Robert Filmer

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jadearmadillo502

15 Dec 2020

School

University of Ottawa

Department

Conflict Studies and Human Rights

Course

ECH 2310

Professor

Michael Williams

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Document Summary

Following the virtues in politics leads to: failure, as good or virtuous people lose at the hands of those who are not virtuous, disillusionment. Good people see that politics is an un-virtuous activity and withdraw from it leaving the filed to the un-virtuous. In both cases, believing that virtue translates directly into politics is disastrous. It leads to the opposite of virtue the triumph of the unvirtuous: << what we need is not to reject politics as immoral, but to understand that it has its own morality. The highest good, the precondition for all other goods, is the creation and maintenance of the state. This is the principle of reason of state": the idea that actions done for the public good are subject to a different morality. In private, they would be bad; in public life, they may well be good.

Related Questions

Assignment Instructions: The founder of On-Time Technology Products is being pressured by their biggest investor to use cheaper parts that will not last more than one year. Based on your reading of ethics in this PowerPointÂ©presentation, apply ethical reasoning to respond to this big investor regarding your companyâs ethical position on using these cheaper parts.

Checklist:

â¢Review the PowerPoint presentation on consequential, non-consequential, and virtue ethics. below copied in word

â¢Then using an ethical perspective from the above presentation, and apply it to respond to the big investor.

â¢Discuss how your ethical response also complies with providing exceptional customer service. Scenario Background:

On-Time Technology Products (OTTP) sells products relating to time. Their product line consists of a huge assortment of clocks, watches, daytime planner books, and software. Many of their products are unique and innovative. They have been frequently compared to other high-end retailers.. Their products are sold in retail stores, via the Internet, and via catalogs. Their call center is presently in Dayton, Ohio. Mark MacGibson is the new President for On-Time Technology Products. Mr. MacGibson is a graduate from Kaplan Universityâs MBA program. Mary Graff has a Bachelorâs degree in Business from Kaplan University and is the supervisor for the Customer Service Representatives. Mr. MacGibson and Ms. Graffâs plans are to take On-Time Technology Products to a new level of exceptional customer service.

PowelPoint below in word..

An Overview of Consequential, Nonconsequential and Virtue Ethics Theories

What is Ethics?

Ethics is the study of those values that relate to our moral conduct, including questions of good and evil, right and wrong, and moral responsibility.

Consequentialist Theories:

Consequentialist theories claim that the morality of an action depends only on its consequences.

It only considers the result of actions and not principles or rules in determining morality.

Types of Consequentialist Theories:

Ethical Egoism argues that each person should act in their own self interests.

Act Utilitarianism argues that each person should act in a way that produces the greatest happiness for everyone.

Rule Utilitarianism argues that each person should follow rules that tend to produce the greatest happiness for everyone.

Weaknesses of Consequentialist Theories:

Requires person to predict the future and all possible outcomes.

Can easily be used to justify questionable actions (the end justifies the means).

Nonconsequentialist Theories:

Nonconsequentialist theories claim that the morality of an action depends on principles or other factors that are not related to consequences.

Types of Nonconsequentialist Theories:

Divine command theory argues that we should obey the laws of God.

Kantâs Categorical Imperative states that we should always act in a way that is based on reason, duty, and would be considered ethical if everyone acted in the exact same way. Also, people should be treated as an ends and not as a means.

Weaknesses of Nonconsequentialist Theories:

Divine Command requires a high degree of interpretation skills.

Variety of religions makes standards hard to develop for all.

Can be rigid and ignore outcomes

Virtue Ethics:

Virtue ethics seeks to identify character traits of a moral person and develop those with the idea that the virtuous person will act in a virtuous manner. It does not look to principles or consequences.

Virtue ethics was developed among the ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle and Confucius.

Virtue ethics enjoys modern support as an approach that avoids many of the problems with Consequential and Nonconsequential ethical theories.

Weaknesses of Virtue Theory:

Difficulty in determining just which characteristics are virtues

Justification for respecting a virtue usually brings one back to either consequences or principles.

Difficulty in applying to specific situations.

Conclusion:

One theory is not enough to cover all possible choices.

Theories can be synthesized to fit oneâs philosophy of life.

One theoryâs weakness is anotherâs strength.

ivorytermite127

QUESTION 32

What did the old tort theorists conclude was the overriding question that the âold lawâ asked, in accord with their assumptions regarding it?

		How did one know when a customer must be identified as the recipient of the costs?
		How did the parties agree to allocate the costs of the accident?
		How would a party know when it would have to pay uncovered liabilities?
		How would a party know in what cases it was supposed to insure itself?

0.5 points

QUESTION 33

Huber discusses âthe Founders,â meaning:

		The original theorists of ecology
		The Founding Fathers
		The founders of modern tort law
		The first moral theorists

0.5 points

QUESTION 34

A crucial case for Huber is the defective Shopsmith in:

		Posner
		Greeman
		Prosser
		Calabresi

0.5 points

QUESTION 35

Why does Dowie think that Fordâs cost-benefit analysis is a moral problem?

		It places a dollar value on human life.
		It is dishonest and includes lies about the Pinto's safety.
		It shows that Ford made the Pinto unsafe on purpose.
		Dowie doesn't actually think that Ford was morally wrong.

0.5 points

QUESTION 36

Werhaneâs main point about the Pinto case is that:

		Ford was completely innocent of wrongdoing.
		A powerful narrative like Dowieâs article can bring the truth to a wider audience.
		Ford was completely responsible for the deaths caused by Pintos.
		A powerful narrative like Dowieâs article can skew our perception of the facts.

0.5 points

QUESTION 37

Thomson considers this rule: liability is to be shared between the actual harm-causer and anyone else who acted:

		Reasonably
		Justly
		Negligently
		Defensively

0.5 points

QUESTION 38

Thomson outlines three things a plaintiff must show in order to win his case. All of the following are discussed EXCEPT:

		The plantiff suffered from harm or loss.
		An act or omission of the defendant caused the harm or loss.
		The defendant is at fault in so acting or refraining from acting.
		None of the above.

0.5 points

QUESTION 39

Ciulla contends that the failure of leaders:

		Can be excused.
		Are often exaggerated.
		Seem more "extravagant" than those of nonleaders.
		Carry more "weight" than those of nonleaders.

0.5 points

QUESTION 40

Ciulla argues that American writers used to pay more attention to the moral virtues of leaders than to:

		Their chiseled features.
		Their personality traits.
		Their victories and successes.
		Their hopes and dreams.

0.5 points

QUESTION 41

Ciulla points out that while history portrays many leaders as winners, what is rarely questioned?

		The intentions of the leader.
		The ideological motives.
		The needs of the leader.
		All of the above.

0.5 points

QUESTION 42

Which is the area in which leaders must be more âmeticulous,â according to Ciulla, than ordinary people?

		Consistency
		Truthfulness
		Legal Record
		Personal Relationships

0.5 points

QUESTION 43

We often characterize leaders, in Ciullaâs view, according to what?

		Their ability to stay out of conflict.
		Their ability to benefit the most people.
		Their ability to lead.
		Their ability to bring about change.

0.5 points

QUESTION 44

Robinhoodism is what, for Ciulla?

		Stealing from the poor and giving to the middle class.
		Leading a brand of social "rebels" motivated by social privileges.
		A type of Machiavellianism.
		All of the above.

0.5 points

QUESTION 45

When Machiavelli uses the metaphor of âthe lion,â he is referring to what?

		Destroying the strategy of an opponent.
		Courage.
		Using fear as a weapon.
		Using love to motivate one's soldiers.

0.5 points

QUESTION 46

According to Machiavelli, when âa Prince is with his army, and has many soldiers under his command,â he needs a certain reputation to keep his command together. He needs a reputation for:

		Kindness
		"The Beast"
		Cruelty
		Morality

0.5 points

QUESTION 47

Is it better to be loved or feared, according to Machiavelli, and why?

		Feared, because that depends on the Prince and the people.
		Loved, because that depends on the Prince alone.
		Loved, because that depends on the Prince and the people.
		Feared, because that depends on the Prince alone.

0.5 points

QUESTION 48

Machiavelli insists that the Prince should âdo his utmost to escapeâ:

		Harm
		Power
		Enemies
		Hatred

0.5 points

QUESTION 49

Machiavelli would argue that for the Prince, lying is:

		Never expedient.
		Always wrong.
		Always good.
		Sometimes necessary.

0.5 points

QUESTION 50

Ludwig and Longenecker use the story of David and Bathsheba as a lesson in what, as it applies to being in a position of leadership?

		Success
		Chastity
		Temptation
		Delegation

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ECH 2310 Study Guide - Final Guide: Precondition, Amour-Propre, Robert Filmer

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