[BIOC17H3] - Final Exam Guide - Everything you need to know! (102 pages long)

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sangriaimpala595

29 Nov 2016

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What are neurons: physical neuron and their job is to receive and send signal. 4 functions of a neuron: receive signals from cells, integrate the information, then conduct it then transmit it. 2 parts of the neurons: dendrites and the cell body. They are the ones who do the job of reception. They get signals from all sorts from different cells. It has the capacity to receive signals from multiple cells etc. Axon hillock plays a critical function in neurons. Taking all the electrical info (receiving) and integrate this info for decision: whether or not this cell should create its own electrical signal. Once the axon hillock made the decision, the axon is there to conduct that information to all place of the body. Axon terminal: taking the signal that originated at the axon hillock and broadcast signal to other neurons or to other endocrine cells or other cells. Generalized cell because all cells have membrane potential.

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Nerve cells that conduct messages are called (1) ____. (2) _____ cells, which support and nurture the activities of neurons, make up less than half the volume of the nervous system. (3) _______ neurons respond to specific kinds of environmental stimuli, (4) ______ connect different neurons in the spinal cord and brain, and (5) ______ neurons are linked with muscles or glands. All neurons have a (6) _______ ________ that contains the nucleus and the metabolic means to carry out protein synthesis. (7) _______ are short, slender extensions of the (6), and together these two neuronal parts are the neuronsâ âinput zoneâ for receiving (8) _____. The (9) _____ is a single long, cylindrical extension away form the (10) ______; in motor neurons, the (11) ______ has finely branched (12) ________ that terminate on muscle or gland cells and are âoutput zones,â where messages are sent on to other cells. A neuron at rest establishes unequal electric charges across its plasma membrane, and a(n) (13) ____ ____ is maintained. Another name for (13) is the (14) _____ _____ _____; it represents an ability for the membrane to be disturbed. Weak disturbances of the neuronal membrane might set off only slight changes across a small patch, but strong disturbances can cause a(n) (15) _______ ______, which is an abrupt, short-lived reversal in the polarity of charge across the plasma membrane of the neuron. For a fraction of a second, the cytoplasmic side of a bit of membrane becomes positive with respect to the outside. The (16) ______ that travels along the neural membrane is nothing more than short-lived changes in the membrane potential. A. Neurons H. Sensory B. Motor I. Endings C. Interneurons J. Disturbance D. Cell body K. Signals (stimuli) E. Axon L. Voltage differential F. Dendrites M. Resting membrane potential G. Neuroglial N. Action potential

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The junction specialized for the transmission between a neuron and another cell is called a (1) _____ ______. Usually, the signal being sent to the receiving cell is carried by chemical messengers called (2) _____. (3) _____ is an example of this type of chemical messenger, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft, combines with protein receptor molecules on the muscle cell membrane, and soon thereafter is rapidly broken down by enzymes. At an (4) ____ synapse, the membrane potential is driven toward the threshold value and increases the likelihood that depolarization and an action potential will occur. At an (5) ____ synapse, the membrane potential is driven away form the threshold value, and the receiving neuron becomes hyperpolarized and is less likely to achieve an action potential. A specific transmitter substance can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on which type of protein channel it opens up in the (6) ____ membrane. (7) ____ are neuromodulators that inhibit perceptions of pain and may have roles in memory and learning, emotional states, temperature regulation, and sexual behavior. (8) ____ ________ at the cellular level is the moment-by-moment tallying of all excitatory and inhibitory signals acting on a neuron. Incoming information is (9) ____ by the cell bodies, and the charge differences across the membranes are either enhanced or inhibited. Some narrow-diameter neurons are wrapped in lipid-rich (10) _______ produced by specialized neuroglial called Schwann cells; each of these is separated from the next by a(n) (11) ________ ________ - a small gap where the axon is exposed to extracellular fluid. A (12) ____ is an involuntary sequence of events elicited by a stimulus. During a (13) _______ ________, a muscle contracts involuntary whenever conditions cause a stretch in length; many of these help you maintain an upright posture despite small shifts in balance. Imbalances can occur at chemical synapses; a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani blocks the release of GABA and glycine, thus freeing the motor neurons from (14) _____ control, which may cause tetanus â a prolonged, spastic paralysis that can lead to death. A. Excitatory H. Stretch reflex B. Inhibitory I. Summed C. Myelin J. Neurotransmitters D. Chemical synapse K. Postsynaptic E. Synaptic integration L. Endorphins F. Exposed node M. Acetylcholine (ACh)

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Second messengers play an important role in cellcommunication.

Which of the following best describes their role?

		None
		integrate, amplify and distribute messages throughout thecell
		Release messages to other cells?
		Receive information at the cell surface

What is true of disulfide bonds?

	a.	They often occur in the cytosol
	b.	They are a noncovalent bond
	c.	They are formed enzymatically in the ER
	d.	They act as reducing agents
	e.	they increase protein flexibility

Which of the following is NOT an example of a cell communicationmolecule?

		nucleases
		nitric oxide
		hormones
		kinases

What is true of binding pockets?

	a.	They only occur in the membrane
	b.	They occur in unfolded proteins
	c.	They contain electrostatic interactions
	d.	They contain variable amino acids
	e.

What is true of cell signaling?

	a.	Extracellular signals transduced by rectors always alter cellbehavior very quickly
	b.	Some cells require cell signals just to survive
	c.	Cell signals can be interpreted differently by differentcells
	d.	B and C only
	e.	All of the above (A, B and C)

Histone tails can be modified to change the shape and"tightness" of the nucleosomes. Acetylated histones result in whicheffect?

		Open DNA
		increased transcription
		closed DNA
		decreased transcription
		1+2
		1+4
		3+4
		2+3

Shifting the two bound tRNA from the A and P sites to the E andP sites of the ribosome involves:

	a.	The movement of the small ribosome subunit down the mRNAchain
	b.	The degradation of the A site on ribosome
	c.	The synthesis of the E site on the ribosome
	d.	The movement of the large subunit relative to the smallsubunit
	e.	All of the above

Intracellular signaling pathways are awesome! What is the onething they can NOT do?

	a.	relay the signal, to spread it through the cell
	b.	nothing, they can communicate any cellular need
	c.	distribute the signal to more than one effector protein
	d.	integrate the signal from more than one cellular pathway
	e.	Amplify the signal received, making the signal stronger

Specificity of protein/protein and protein/DNA binding isdetermined by what?

		Non-covalent bonds
		Hydrophobic interactions
		Covalent bonds
		shape of the binding site
		all of the above
		none of the above
		1,2,3
		1,2,4
		1,3,4

The coiling structure of the DNA into chromosomes is achieved bywhat?

		alpha helix
		beta pleated sheets
		chaperone proteins
		DNA/Protein complexing

Which regions (s) of the DNA are found in the final protein?

	a.	poly-A tail
	b.	A and B
	c.	Exons
	d.	UTRs
	e.	Introns

Metabolic processes can be turned "on" and "off" by chemicalmodifcation.

Which chemical modification do we associate with changing theactivity of an enzyme in a transient/non-permanent manner?

		Phosphorylation
		Ubiquitination
		Methylation
		Acetylation

DNA hybridization involves attaching a florescent dye towhat?

	a.	Antibody
	b.	Nuclear stain
	c.	Probe DNA
	d.	tRNA
	e.	rRNA

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[BIOC17H3] - Final Exam Guide - Everything you need to know! (102 pages long)

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