BIOA02H3 : Lec05 - From Seed to Tree I.doc

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22 Apr 2012

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BIOA02H3 Full Course Notes

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Slide one : seed to germination, seed dispersal, seed anatomy, germination. From primary to secondary plant body: body plans of major angiosperm groups. Slide two : parent generation wants the filial generation to be as far away as possible, for obvious reasons such as to prevent competition for nutrients. Slide three problem: without seed dispersal adaptations, most seeds are deposited close to mother plant, parent-offspring competition for space, mating between closely related individuals, inbreeding depression. Slide four / seventeen seed dispersal: plants need vectors to move the seeds away, wind dispersal. Winged maples prolong their fall to the ground to allow wind to carry it away: water dispersal. Jewelweed: when seed pods are ripe and touched, it catapults away the seeds, gravity dispersal. Picked up by small mammals because it is rich in oils and starch (nutrition) Seed caching: some caches are forgotten and germinate into trees etc, living organisms.

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Do you think a mating between close relatives would be more likely to result in inbreeding depression (reduced fitness of the offspring) after a long history (~ thousands of generations) of inbreeding or a long history of outbreeding? (10 pts) Why? (30 pts)

tealbear659

2. What would you expect if the ability to produce capsaicin isgenetic? Choose all that apply.
a. Some offspring of plants that produce capsaicin will alsoproduce capsaicin.
b. It is not possible to predict if offspring of plants thatproduce capsaicin will also produce capsaicin. c. Plants will onlycontain capsaicin if it is present in the soil and can be absorbedby the roots.

3. In biology, what is an adaptation?
a. A trait with a genetic basis that increases the fitness of anindividual with the trait in a particular

environment, compared to individuals lacking the trait.
b. A characteristic of an organism that can change in response tothe environment.
c. Any characteristic of an organism that increases the fitness ofan individual in a particular environment,

compared to individuals lacking the trait.

4. Consumption of chili fruits by rodents would ...
a. Decrease the fitness of chili plants since gnawing damages theseeds.
b. Have no effect on the fitness of chili plants since the plantproduces lots of seeds and fruits. c. Increases the fitness ofchili plants since seeds are dispersed to new locations.

âLas alas del Diabloâ by Brett C. Couch

Page 5

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE

How might dispersal of chili seeds by birds benefit a chiliplant? Choose all that apply.
a. Seeds are transported to new locations so the offspring are notgrowing close to the parent and competing

with it for light, water, space or minerals from soil.
b. Some seeds may be moved to locations with appropriate conditionsfor growth of seedlings.
c. Some seeds may be moved to locations that lack appropriateconditions for plant growth.
d. Seeds are widely dispersed so the offspring donât compete witheach other for light, water, space or minerals

from soil.
e. Seeds are damaged when the birds eat the fruits and fail togerminate.
Consumption of chili fruits by birds could ...
a. Increase the fitness of thrashers by providing nutrition, whichcan contribute to the increased production of

offspring.
b. Have no effect on the fitness of thrashers since thrashers donâtdigest the seeds and the nutrition in the seeds

would not contribute to increased production of offspring.
c. Reduce the fitness of thrashers since thrashers donât digest theseeds and the loss of nutrition in the seeds

would reduce the production of offspring.
What is an experimental control?
a. An experimental group or treatment that serves as a reference towhich a treatment group or treatment(s)

can be compared.
b. A group that is not used in an experiment.
c. An experimental group or treatment that represents naturalconditions. d. An experimental group or treatment that lacks thefactor of interest.
Does capsaicin production have a genetic basis?
a. Yes, capsaicin production is controlled by the Hot2 gene.
b. Yes, capsaicin production is controlled by the Pun1 gene.
c. No, if capsaicin is present in the soil it is taken up by theplant and concentrated in the fruit. d. No, capsaicin is made bythe plant not a gene.
What is (are) the control(s) in the food choice experimentperformed by Tewksbury and Nabhan? a. Hackberry

b. Mild chilies
c. Hot chilies
d. Hackberry and mild chilies e. Mild chilies and hot chilies
Why is hackberry used as a control?
a. Hackberries are a control for fruit characteristics other thancapsaicin (e.g., color, other chemicals). b. Hackberries are acontrol for hunger or willingness to eat.
c. Hackberries are part of the natural habitat of cactusmice.
d. a and b.
e. a, b and c.
What criteria must be met for a trait to be considered anadaptation?
a. Individuals with the trait generally have more offspring thanindividuals without the trait. b. The trait changes due to theenvironment (e.g., animals growing a thick coat in winter). c. Thetrait can be passed on to an organismâs offspring.
d. a and c.
e. a, b and c.

ultramarinehornet16

1. In _____________ selection, individuals with both extreme formsof a trait are at a selective advantage.

2. The spotted touch-me-not, a flowering plant, has seed pods thatburst open when touched and forcefully eject their seeds. Such anadaptation is favorable because it

A. aids in the dispersal of the species.

B. attracts insects that aid in pollination.

C. prevents germination within the seed pod.

D. can cause genetic changes to occur.

3. Which concept was not included in Charles Darwin's theory ofnatural selection?

A. survival of the fittest

B. struggle for existence

C. overproduction of offspring

D. punctuated equilibrium

4. Define bottleneck effect and founder effect. Explain how eachdiffers in its effect on microevolution.

5. Because of prolonged drought, the trees on an island areproducing nuts that are much smaller with thicker and hardershells. What will happen to the birds that depend on the nuts forfood? Of the three general outcomes of natural selection, thisexample illustrates ____________.

BIOA02H3 : Lec05 - From Seed to Tree I.doc

BIOA02H3 Full Course Notes

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