GGR206H1 Study Guide - Final Guide: Onyx, Enterovirus, Turbidity

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jaderaccoon480

9 Feb 2014

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Covalent bond: each molecule of water share two electrons between the oxygen and two hydrogen atoms the hydrogen (positive) atoms are basically on one side of the molecule, whereas the oxygen (negative) atom is on the other side creating an electrostatic charge electrostatic charge effectively creates a very strong bond between adjacent water molecules resulting in high latent and specific heat values helps to create water cohesion qualities and surface tension which enables it to move through materials like soil via capillary action. Viruses are a large group of infectious agents, much smaller than bacteria, and are able to be viewed only through an electron microscope. They are not cells but biologically active particles. Viruses cannot multiply unless they infect a suitable host. The term protozoa refers to a collection of generally colourless, single celled organisms with a well defined nucleus. Protozoa are among the simplest of all living organisms.

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Air conditioners operate on the same principle as refrigerators. Consider an air conditioner that has 7.00 of refrigerant flowing through its circuit each cycle. The refrigerant enters the evaporator coils in phase equilibrium, with54.0 of its mass as liquid and the rest as vapor. It flows through the evaporator at a constant pressure and when it reaches the compressor 95 of its mass is vapor. In each cycle, how much heat is absorbed by the refrigerant while it is in the evaporator? The heat of vaporization of the refrigerant is 1.50×105 .Express your answer numerically in joules. =5.15×105 Correct Part BIn each cycle, the change in internal energy of the refrigerant when it leaves the compresser is 1.20×105 . What is the work done by the motor of the compressor?Express your answer in joules. =1.20×105 Correct Part CIf the direction of the refrigerant flow is inverted in an air conditioner, the air conditioning unit turns into a heat pump and it can be used for heating rather than cooling. In this case, the coils where the refrigerant would condense in the air conditioner become the evaporator coils when the unit is operated as a heat pump, and, vice versa, the evaporator coils of the air conditioner become the condenser coils in the heat pump. Suppose you operate the air conditioner described in Parts A and B as a heat pump to heat your bedroom. In each cycle, what is the amount of heat released into the room? You may assume that the energy changes and work done during the expansion process are negligible compared to those for other processes during the cycle.Express your answer numerically in joules. =

1. The Jeans instability occurs when
Athe pressure in a gascloud is less than its gravitationalforce.
Bthe pressure in a gascloud is greater than its gravitationalforce.
Cthe temperature in acollapsing cloud is hot enough to fuseHydrogen.
Dthe temperature in acollapsing cloud is hot enough to fuse Helium.

2. At what stage in its life does a star pass through theprotostarphase?
AAfter condensationbut before nuclear reactions begin in itscore.
BWhile it is convertinghydrogen into helium in its core.
CAfter nuclear reactionsend in its core, but before the red giantphase.
DWhen it is expanding insize as a red giant or supergiant.

3. The characteristics of an open cluster of stars are
Aa few hundredmembers, often very young and still embedded in thegas and dustfrom which they were formed.
Bmany thousand members, ofdifferent ages.
Ca few dozen members, theremnant of a globular cluster of starsfrom which most of themembers have escaped.
Dhundreds of thousands ofmembers, all very old, and no or verylittle interstellar gas anddust.

4. What is a protostar?
AA star near the endof its life, before it explodes as asupernova.
BA sphere of gas aftercollapse from an interstellar cloud butbefore nuclear reactionshave begun.
CA small interstellarcloud, before it collapses to become astar.
DA shell of gas left behindfrom the explosion of a star as asupernova.

5. What is an H II region?
AA region of hot,ionized hydrogen around one or more O and Bstars.
BA region of molecularhydrogen inside a giant molecularcloud.
CA region of neutral,atomic hydrogen in interstellar space.
DA region of gas and dustformed by the explosion of a massive star.

6. The total time that the Sun will spend as a main sequencestaris
Aabout 4.5 millionyears.
Bat least 200 billion yearsyears.
Cabout 1 millionyears.
Dabout 10 billionyears.

7. How is a star's lifetime related to its mass?
AThe lifetimes ofstars are too long to measure, so it is not knownhow (or if) theirlifetimes depend on mass.
BA star's lifetime does notdepend on its mass.
CLower-mass stars runthrough their lives faster and have shorterlifetimes.
DHigher-mass stars runthrough their lives faster and have shorterlifetimes.

8. In the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, how does the position ofatypical star change while it is at the main sequence phase ofitsevolution?
AA star's position onthe main sequence is determined only by itsmass and not its age,and so, stars do not move along the mainsequence duringevolution.
BMassive stars (4 solarmasses) move toward the upper left as theirluminosity increases,while lower-mass stars move toward the lowerright as theirtemperature decreases.
CStars move from upperright to lower left while they are on themain sequence.
DStars move from upper leftto lower right while they are on themain sequence.

9. Why does the core of the Sun contain more helium andlesshydrogen than does the surface of the Sun?
AHelium condenses moreeasily so, when the Sun was forming the corebecame helium-rich;vast quantities of hydrogen were added onlyafter the core becamemassive enough.
BThe hydrogen has beenlifted out of the core by the Sun's magneticfield.
CHelium is heavier thanhydrogen, and has sunk toward the center ina process of chemicaldifferentiation.
DThermonuclear reactionshave converted much of the originalhydrogen in the core intohelium.

10. In terms of nuclear reactions, what is the next stage ofastar's life after the end of hydrogen burning in thecore?
AHydrogen burning ina thin shell around the core.
BHelium burning in thecore.
CCarbon burning.
DDeath (it becomes eithera supernova or a white dwarf).

GGR206H1 Study Guide - Final Guide: Onyx, Enterovirus, Turbidity

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