Biology 1002B Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Horizontal Gene Transfer, Lac Repressor, Start Codon
14 Jun 2013
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Lecture 10 lecture: meaning of endosymbiosis, cyanobacteria, lateral gene transfer. Endosymbiosis: the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were derived billions of years ago from free living prokaryotic cells. Cyanobacteria: bacteria that can do oxygenic photosynthesis. They gave rise to the oxygen in the atmosphere. Lateral gene transfer: the transfer of genes between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction (eg. the relocation of genes in the organelle to the nucleus: origin of endomembrane system, nuclear membrane, er etc. The endomembrane system was derived from infolding of the plasma membrane. The nuclear envelope was an advantage by allowing the cell to regulate transcription and translation in a way that would not be possible without a nuclear membrane: origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free living bacteria that were incorporated into some larger bacteria and eventually became the organelles we see today: evidence supporting theory of endosymbiosis. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genome.
