Geography 2153A/B Final: Post-Midterm Notes
17 Dec 2016
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1
Lecture 7 – Oceans and Fisheries
Freshwater
Global Patterns of Water Consumption
• Canada is using the second most amount of water (behind the Emirates) at 356L
• It is predicted that 50L per capita, per day would meet basic human needs
Caadas Wate Resources
1. Climate
I. Precipitation = 600 mm annually
2. Groundwater/Aquifers
I. Source of drinking water for 30% of Canadians
• Caadas Lakes
o 9% of the country is covered by fresh water in lakes and rivers
o Canada has more lakes and inland water than any other country
• Caadas Geat Lakes
o 1% of the Great Lakes is renewed through precipitation
o 99% of the water is melt water from the last ice age (not renewable)
• Caadas ‘ies – Mackenzie River
o Largest river in Canada
o Drains into the Arctic Ocean
• Caadas ‘ies – St. Lawrence
o Aouts fo % of Caadas shoelie
o Home to 45% of the population
o Seaway for commercial ships
o Influenced industrial development in the region
• Runoff – Annual Average, 1971-2000
o 105 000 cubic meters/second
o % of olds ate flo
• Floods – Red River, Manitoba
o 877 kms
o History of flooding
o 1996/1997:
▪ Winnipeg received precipitation 175% of the annual average
▪ hetaes flooded % of Maitoas falad
▪ The ‘ed “ea suae ks
Caadas Maie Eioets
• Arctic, Pacific, Atlantic Oceans
Arctic Ocean
• Coldest ocean
• 173 000 kms of coastline
• 1 million square kms of continental shelf (unique feature)
• Cced seasonally by ice 1 to 2 metres thick
• subsistence hunting
• Arctic char
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2
Pacific Ocean
• 27 000 kms of coastline (shortest coastline)
• narrowest continental shelf (16-32 kms)
• warmest waters (8-18 degrees C)
• diese fish populatio
• marine mammals live in, feed in or migrate
• through these waters
• 2005 – oeial fishig eploed 000 people and generated $1.2 billion in value
• aquaculture production
• eeatioal fishig
Atlantic Ocean
• 40 000 km coastline
• large, submerged continental shelf
Atlati Caadas Fishig Idust
• Continental Shelf
o The largest single concentration of cod, historically, was on the Grand Banks.
o The Grand Banks is 250,000 sq. kms and the largest bank in the northwest Atlantic.
• I the alue of the Atlati fisheies as $. illio.
• Caada is uetl the olds eighth-largest exporter of fish and seafood products.
• I the oeial fishing industry employed approximately 70,000 people.
• It is the economic mainstay of approximately 1,500 communities in Atlantic Canada.
Water Uses
Measure of Water Withdrawal
Instream Uses = water remains in its natural setting
o Examples:
▪ hydroelectric power generation
▪ transportation
▪ waste disposal
▪ fisheries
▪ wildlife
▪ heritage conservation
▪ recreation
• Instream Uses - Hydroelectricity in Canada
o Hydropower is clean and renewable.
o In 2015, hydropower provided 63% of Caadas eletiit.
o Clean energy supports the growth of industry, commerce, infrastructure and communities.
• Instream Uses – Water Transport
o Fraser River, BC
o St. Lawrence Seaway
• Instream Uses – Fishing
o Commercial fishing
o Sport fishing
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3
Withdrawal Uses = water is removed from its natural setting
o Examples:
▪ municipal uses
▪ manufacturing
▪ mineral extraction
▪ thermal power generation
• Withdrawal = Intake
• Discharge = water returned to the source
• Consumption = intake – discharge
• Recirculation = used more than once
• Gross water use = intake + recirculation (total amount of water used)
Withdrawal Uses
• Chart: Water use in Canada, 1972-1996 (millions of cubic metres/yr.)
o Thermal power (fossil fuels and nuclear generation) responsible for 64% of total water
intake in 1996.
o Generating 1 kilowatt of electricity requires 140 litres of water in a fossil fuel generating
plant and 205 liters in a nuclear station.
• Average Daily per Capita Residential Water Flow by Provence/ Territory
o 2004 – Estimated Residential Water Use – 329 liters per person per day
Pollution and Pressure on Water Quality
Point Source
• Poit soues dishage pollutio fo a leal idetifiale, sigle, disete patha.
• Groundwater Contamination
o 1L of gasoline can contaminate 1 million L of groundwater
Nonpoint Source
• Nonpoint sources discharge pollution in an unconfined manner
• Ca pipoit it to a speifi aea ut ot oe speifi soue at tak it e ell
o Agriculture – used for irrigation = runoff of manure and pesticides
o Mining – (ex. Alberta Oil Sands) used in a lot of ways, used to actually recover the physical
raw material
o Power Generation – used as a coolant in hydroelectric plants (using fossil fuels), returned to
the source at a higher temp = affects the aquatic environment
o Hydroelectric – doest osue ate i the a that these other things do, but it
increases evaporation, the building of the dams = using water, relocation of communities,
affects the ecosystem where dams are bit.
▪ Three Gorges Dam, China – biggest dam in the world; caused the most abound of
relocation of people because of the lower flood plains being flooded.
o Commercial Navigation – uses a lot of water, rivers need to be deep because the ships are
so big = dredging; oil spills; and bank erosion
▪ Introduction of invasive species (Zebra Mussels)
o Recreational Uses
▪ Second homes (Cottages) = larger demand on water, maybe even water regulation
during the summer
▪ Watering golf courses
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Document Summary
Global patterns of water consumption: canada is using the second most amount of water (behind the emirates) at 356l. Ca(cid:374)ada(cid:859)s ma(cid:396)i(cid:374)e e(cid:374)(cid:448)i(cid:396)o(cid:374)(cid:373)e(cid:374)ts: arctic, pacific, atlantic oceans. Arctic ocean: coldest ocean, 173 000 kms of coastline, 1 million square kms of continental shelf (unique feature, cced seasonally by ice 1 to 2 metres thick, arctic char subsistence hunting. I(cid:374) (cid:1006)(cid:1004)(cid:1004)(cid:1012) the (cid:448)alue of the atla(cid:374)ti(cid:272) she(cid:396)ies (cid:449)as . (cid:1010) (cid:271)illio(cid:374). I(cid:374) (cid:1006)(cid:1004)(cid:1004)(cid:1013) the (cid:272)o(cid:373)(cid:373)e(cid:396)(cid:272)ial shing industry employed approximately 70,000 people. It is the economic mainstay of approximately 1,500 communities in atlantic canada: ca(cid:374)ada is (cid:272)u(cid:396)(cid:396)e(cid:374)tl(cid:455) the (cid:449)o(cid:396)ld(cid:859)s eighth-largest exporter of sh and seafood products. Instream uses = water remains in its natural setting: examples, hydroelectric power generation transportation, waste disposal, sheries, wildlife, heritage conservation recreation. Instream uses - hydroelectricity in canada: hydropower is clean and renewable, clean energy supports the growth of industry, commerce, infrastructure and communities. In 2015, hydropower provided 63% of ca(cid:374)ada(cid:859)s ele(cid:272)t(cid:396)i(cid:272)it(cid:455).
