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MICROBIO 160 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Common Cold, Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1, Radical Mastectomy

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School
UMASS-Amherst
Department
Microbiology
Course
MICROBIO 160
Professor
Heather Reed

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MICROBIO 160 Full Course Notes
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MICROBIO 160 Full Course Notes
Verified Note
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Document Summary

What types of mutated genes are associated with inherited risks? a. They occur in the germ cells (sperm and egg), thus are passed on to children. They occur in the germ cells (sperm and egg) and are passed on to the children: mutations arise in the body when there is no inherited risk occurs after conception. If positive, doctors can screen earlier for cancers. If negative, individuals may not have to screen as aggressively a. iii. Early cancer screening can be offered to other at-risk family members if a mutation is identified a. iv. Smoking and lung cancer: lung cancer is a deadly but preventable disease. Why: lung cancer has many environmental risk factors that can cause it. Epigenetics (methylations turns off genes acting together in some way) a. ii. Ultimately, the original g-c base pair may be replaced by a t-a base pair, a mutation called transversion: lung cancer is the most fatal cancer.

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Related Questions

QUESTION 1

  1. The first person to describe a carcinogen was:

    a.

    Rudolf Virchow
    b.

    Cladius Regaud
    c.

    Percivall Pott
    d.

    George Papanicolau
    e.

    Sidney Farber

QUESTION 2

  1. Who introduced the test for early detection of cervical cancerin 1942?

    a.

    Rudolf Virchow
    b.

    Cladius Regaud
    c.

    Percivall Pott
    d.

    George Papanicolau
    e.

    Sidney Farber

QUESTION 3

  1. All of the following are TRUE about risk factors for cancerEXCEPT:

    a.

    They cause DNA mutation
    b.

    Some can be avoided
    c.

    Some can be inherited
    d.

    They guide patient management
    e.

    They increase the probability of getting cancer

QUESTION 4

  1. All of the following are proven carcinogens EXCEPT:

    a.

    Tobacco
    b.

    Formaldehyde
    c.

    Soot
    d.

    Saccharin
    e.

    Human papilloma virus

QUESTION 5

  1. Which of the following is true about somatic mutations:

    a.

    They are present in an egg or sperm
    b.

    They can be inherited
    c.

    They can be present in all cells in the individual
    d.

    They can cause cancer family syndrome
    e.

    They cannot be inherited

QUESTION 6

  1. All of the following can be used as a guideline for causalinference of a carcinogen EXCEPT:

    a.

    Strength of association of the exposure with occurrence ofcancer
    b.

    Single correlation study showing exposure with the incidence ofcancer
    c.

    Dose response relation of the exposure and risk of cancer
    d.

    Disease or risk reduction with removal of exposure
    e.

    Biological plausibility of the exposure with the disease

QUESTION 7

  1. All of the following cancers have an infectious causeEXCEPT:

    a.

    Cervical Cancer
    b.

    Stomach Cancer
    c.

    Breast Cancer
    d.

    Liver Cancer
    e.

    Hodgkin lymphoma

QUESTION 8

  1. Medical treatments that cause cancer include all of thefollowing EXCEPT:

    a.

    MOPP chemotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma
    b.

    Radiation therapy for sarcoma
    c.

    Tamoxifen for chemotherapy
    d.

    Smallpox vaccination
    e.

    Cyclosporine for immunosuppression

QUESTION 9

  1. All of the following are risk factors for breast cancerEXCEPT:

    a.

    Having breast implants
    b.

    Having prior ovarian cancer
    c.

    Having a mother with breast cancer
    d.

    Age
    e.

    Obesity

QUESTION 10

  1. The likelihood of getting cancer from exposure to a carcinogenis related to all of the following EXCEPT:

    a.

    The duration of exposure
    b.

    The geographic location of the exposure
    c.

    The degree of exposure
    d.

    The genetic susceptibility of the exposed person
    e.

    The mode of exposure (e.g., touching it, breathing it,swallowing it, etc).


61) How areantiangiogenic drugs used in the treatment of

cancer?


A) These drugsstop the replication of DNA so cancer cells

cannot reproduce.


B) These drugsstop the growth of blood vessels into the

tumor, so the cells "starve" to death.


C) These drugsstop metastasis.


D) These drugsstimulate the immune system.


E) These drugsstimulate the production of free radicals,

which kill cancer cells.



62) Which of the

following is true regarding photodynamic therapy?


A) It involves the use

of light sensitive drugs to target a cancer.


B) It uses magnets to

attract beads coated with a chemotherapeutic drug to acancer.


C) It is presently used

for the treatment of cancers of the breast and ovary.


D) It inhibits

angiogenesis.


E) It involves the use

of antibodies to deliver treatments to a cancer.



63) Which ofthe following types of cancer kills the highest

percentage of people diagnosed with the condition?


A)lung


B)breast


C)prostate


D)skin


E)colon



64) A mutationin which of the following genes can lead to

breast cancer?


A) BT05


B) HeLa


C) BRCA1


D)BCG


E)BCG2



65) If angiogenesis

were not to occur, a tumor would reach the size of a ________and stop growing.


A) period on a

typewritten page (.)


B) baseball


C) grapefruit


D) pea


E) basketball



66) Not onlydoes smoking cause lung cancer, it also doubles

the risk of which of the following types of cancer?


A)stomach


B)prostate


C)bladder



67) For women with a

mutated BRCA gene, the risk of breast cancer is about 60%.However, detection

of the mutated gene can occur before cancer ever develops by


A) testing of a blood

sample.


B) screening

mammography.


C) taking a biopsy of

breast tissue.


D) a PET scan.


E) urinalysis.



68) In some cases, why

doesn%u2019t the immune system recognize and destroy acancer?


A) Cancer cells that

produce abnormal antigens sometimes shed them.


B) Cancer cells have

less surface receptors needed for proper activation of Tcells.


C) Cancer cells have

enough %u201Cself%u201D surface markers as to be identified asnormal cells.


D) Cancer cells develop

from normal cells that cannot regulate cell division.


E) all of the above are

correct.



69) Theultimate goal of the male reproductive system is to


A) ensure thatsperm is produced at the correct time,

coinciding with ovulation.


B) releasesperm into the female's reproductive system.


C) join spermwith an egg, in an environment that favors

fertilization.


D) producelarge numbers of sperm.


E) maintain thehomeostatic condition of the male's body.



70) Synthesisof new sperm cells occurs in the


A) ductusdeferens.


B)urethra.


C) prostategland.


D) epididymis.


E) seminiferous tubules.



71) Externalgenitalia

of the male reproductive system include(s)


A) theejaculatory duct.


B) the urethraand scrotum.


C) the penisand scrotum.


D) thepenis.


E) the penis,urethra, and ejaculatory duct.



72) The releaseof LH in human males signals that


A) inhibin hasinhibited FHS secretion.


B) thehypothalamus has been stimulated to release inhibin.


C) spermproduction must be reduced.


D) the positivefeedback loop that regulates sperm production

is active.


E) blood levels of

testosterone are low

Can anyone help me with the following questions, it is due tonight and im having a hard time figuring most of these out and in-between a couple of answers. Thanks!

1. Which of the following is the PRIMARY goal of risk assessment?

A. maximize profit

B. balance risks and benefits

C. reduce liability

D. determine lethal doses

2. The probability of an adverse outcome based on the exposure and potency of a hazardous agent is known as the:

A. toxicity

B. risk

C. hazard

D. margin of safety

E. therapeutic index

3. Risk Assessment includes all the following, except:

A. risk characterization

B. exposure assessment

C. dose-response assessment

D. hazard identification

E. cost-benefit analysis

4. The process of making risk information understood by local officials, community groups and other stakeholders is known as:

A. risk management

B. risk characterization

C. risk communication

D. risk perception

E. risk estimation

5. The Hazard Identification step in the risk assessment paradigm may include which of the following:

A. in vitro testing

B. structure-activity relationships

C. animal bioassays

D. epidemiologic data

E. all of the above

6. A basic premise of carcinogen risk assessment is that:

A. surface area is proportional to body weight

B. chemicals that cause tumors in animals will cause tumors in humans

C. all dosing regimens are equivalent

D. all animal strains are relevant

7. The Point of Departure (POD) for a low-dose extrapolation could be which of the following:

A. NOAEL

B. LOAEL

C. BMDL

D. none of the above

E. all of the above

8. The benchmark dose (BMD) approach is preferred over the NOAEL/LOAEL approach for all the following reasons, except:

A. the full dose-response curve is considered

B. it includes a measure of variability

C. the same benchmark response be used across studies

D. it results in lower reference values

9. A biochemical change, functional impairment, or pathologic lesion affecting an organism’s performance, and reducing its ability to respond to environmental challenges is known in risk assessment as the

A. point of departure

B. benchmark dose

C. adverse effect

D. carcinogenic effect

10. When there is a cancer risk of 1 in 10,000, this is considered to be of

A. high concern

B. moderate concern

C. somewhat low concern

D. no concern at all

11. Which toxicant is commonly found in indoor air due to off-gassing of plywood and furniture?

A. arsenic

B. lead

C. methylene chloride

D. dioxin

E. formaldehyde

12. Which if the following was NOT an event in the United States that triggered widespread awareness of environmental issues in the 1960s?

A. Relocation of families from Love Canal in Niagara Falls, NY

B. Cuyahoga River catching on fire in Ohio

C. Publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson

D. Nationwide federal ban of smoking cigarettes in bars and restaurants

13. The study of the fate and effects of chemicals in the environment is the definition of: A. Environmental toxicology

B. Ecotoxicology

C. Environmental health toxicology

D. Risk assessment

14. An example of an area source of air emissions would be:

A. A volcano

B. A moving car

C. A gas station

D. A power plant

15. Which of the following is considered to be “good up high and bad nearby”?

A. Ozone

B. Carbon monoxide

C. Carbon dioxide

D. Sulfur dioxide

16. Which of the following water disinfectants is safest from the perspective of not producing any known DBPs?

A. Chlorine

B. Chloramine

C. Ozone

D. UV

17. The most significant anthropogenic source of carbon monoxide would be classified as a:

A. Point source

B. Area source

C. Mobile source

D. Natural source

18. According to Genius (2006), what do some scientists believe is the most frequent cause of childhood cancer and leukemia?

A. Pharmaceuticals in drinking water

B. Exposure to diuretics in utero

C. Prenatal exposure to carbon monoxide and other industry emissions

D. Neonatal exposure to polyvinylchloride (PVC) plastic

19. In the Genius (2006) article, what did the scientists who published in the journal Science discover about the possible transgenerational impact of exposure to environmental toxicants in pregnancy?

A. Epigenetic mechanisms may permanently alter the germ-line and genetic traits of offspring of an exposed individual

B. Epigenetic changes die out after three successive generations of offspring

C. Epigenetic changes only occur when a toxicant is an endocrine disruptor

D. Epigenetic changes never take place when the toxicant is a pesticide or fungicide

20. According to the article by Chemnick and Climatewire (2013), “Soggy Vancouver Island in British Columbia has become an unlikely new home for Cryptococcus gattii, a tropical and subtropical yeast-based fungus.” What health effect does this yeast-based fungus have on humans when it is inhaled?

A. None

B. Triggers asthma attacks

C. Causes a kind of meningitis

D. Eventually leads to lung cancer