NRS 313 Study Guide - Final Guide: Hypothalamus, Oliguria, Beta Blocker
27 May 2018
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Stress and Adaptation
• The Stress Response
o Short term response
▪ Hypothalamus=> preganglions
▪ SNS=> adreanal glands=> catecholamines (E+NE).
• Epinephrine attaches to beta receptors. Most are in the heart and
increase HR (chronotropic) + contractility (ionotropic).
• Beta receptors are also in the bronchial tree=> responsible for
bronchodialation. Increases ability for the O2 to be absorbed
• Nor Epinephrine => peripheral vasoconstrictor. Attaches to alpha
receptors.
▪ E: Increases heart rate, increase blood pressure, liver converts glycogen to
clise and increase blood glucose, dilation of bronchial tubes, Increase
blood flow and volume to heart and lungs, increase metabolic rate
▪ NE: increase blood pressure vasoconstriction of the renal arteries and
blood flow to the GI tract
o Long term
▪ Hypothalamus senses the stressor=> CRH is released and communities
with pituitary.
▪ ADH is also released (H20 retention) AKA vasopressin- very slight
vasoconstrictor
▪ => ACTH is released which is a slightlt longer hormone trying to get into
the vascular system. Target cells are the adrenal gland.
▪ The increase in volume and resistence stimulate the liver to release
glycogen stores for more energy source
▪ Mineralcorticoids
• Aldosterone=Fat soluable and gains entry readily. Target cells are
in the kidney. Holds on to Na+ (retention) and excretion of K_.
H20 follows Na+=> increased volume
▪ Glucocorticoids
• Cortisol: increase in blood sugar. Body needs more energy. Helps
with breakdown of proteins. Proteiolysis=> deamination of amino
acids + breakdown of fats (lypolysis)= fatty acids
• Also there us suppression of the immune ystem. Chronic stress
leads to a state of acidosis and high amounts of sugar
• Thymus gland begins to atrophy. Chronic stress accelerates. T
helpercells is depleted. We have a weakened immunity
• Infertility happens with both sexes. Decrease in Luteinizing
hormone. Responds to ovulation for males. It is responsible for the
leydig cells to release testosterone
• Adrenergic Receptors
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Document Summary
Stress and adaptation: the stress response, short term response, hypothalamus=> preganglions, sns=> adreanal glands=> catecholamines (e+ne), epinephrine attaches to beta receptors. Most are in the heart and increase hr (chronotropic) + contractility (ionotropic): beta receptors are also in the bronchial tree=> responsible for bronchodialation. Increases ability for the o2 to be absorbed: nor epinephrine => peripheral vasoconstrictor. Target cells are the adrenal gland: the increase in volume and resistence stimulate the liver to release glycogen stores for more energy source, mineralcorticoids, aldosterone=fat soluable and gains entry readily. Holds on to na+ (retention) and excretion of k_. H20 follows na+=> increased volume: glucocorticoids, cortisol: increase in blood sugar. Proteiolysis=> deamination of amino acids + breakdown of fats (lypolysis)= fatty acids: also there us suppression of the immune ystem. Chronic stress leads to a state of acidosis and high amounts of sugar: thymus gland begins to atrophy.
