ACC 406 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Income Statement, Office Supplies, Gross Margin

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ACC - Chapter 2 - Basic Managerial Accounting

One of the most important tasks of managerial accounting is to determine the cost of

products, services, customers and other items or interest to managers.

Costs

Cost - the amount of cash or cash equivalent sacrificed for G and S that are expected

to bring a current or future benefit ot the organization (dollar measure)

Incurred to produce future benefits

Used up in the production of revenues, they are said to expire

Expired costs are called expenses

The revenue per unit is called price

In accounting revenue and price are the same. Cost is different

Accumulating costs - the way that costs are measured and recorded

Assigning costs - the way that a cost is linked to some cost object

A cost object is something for which a company wants to know the cost

Assigning costs tells the company why the money was spent

A cost object is any item such as a product, customer, department, project,

geographic region, plant, etc. for which costs are measured and assigned

Direct costs - those costs that can be easily and accurately traced to a cost object

Indirect costs - costs that cannot be easily and accurately traced to a cost object

Allocation - an indirect cost is assigned to a cost object by using a reasonable

and convenient method

Variable cost - one that increases in total as output increases (decreases)

Fixed cost - cost that does not increase in totally as output increases

Opportunity cost - the benefit given up or sacrificed when one alternative is chosen

over another

Products - are goods produced by converting raw materials through the use of

labor and indirect manufacturing resources

Services - are tasks or activities performed for a customer or an activity performed

by a customer using an organization’s products or facilities

Are intangible, perishable, and require direct contact between providers and

buyers

Manufacturing organizations - organizations that produce products

Service organizations - organizations that provide services

Product (manufacturing) costs - direct and indirect, of producing a product in a

manufacturing firm or of acquiring a product in a merchandising firm and preparing

it for sale

Direct materials - materials that are a part of the final product and can be

directly traced to the goods being produced

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Acc - chapter 2 - basic managerial accounting. One of the most important tasks of managerial accounting is to determine the cost of products, services, customers and other items or interest to managers. Cost - the amount of cash or cash equivalent sacrificed for g and s that are expected to bring a current or future benefit ot the organization (dollar measure) Used up in the production of revenues, they are said to expire. In accounting revenue and price are the same. Accumulating costs - the way that costs are measured and recorded. Assigning costs - the way that a cost is linked to some cost object. A cost object is something for which a company wants to know the cost. Assigning costs tells the company why the money was spent. A cost object is any item such as a product, customer, department, project, geographic region, plant, etc. for which costs are measured and assigned.

Related Questions

I'll rate posting for sec times just do last parts likecost and balance sheet ( account balance and cost incurred ) that'sit ready question carefully then answer all last partthanks

Charles Maxwell is starting a cheesecake bakery, Able BakerCharlie Company, to produce and sell different flavored cheesecakesto restaurants and the general public. He has just begun his studyof accounting, and is a bit confused about the many types ofreports he has read about and how they will help him run hisbusiness. He asks you to help him clarify what the differencesbetween managerial accounting and financial accounting are. Heâsalso wondering how to set up his inventory, how to classify thecosts of his business, and how to fill in some missinginformation.

	Required:
1.	Choose whether thecharacteristics on the Managerial vs. Financial panel are mostoften associated with managerial accounting or financialaccounting.
2.	Charles has provided some ofthe costs he expects to incur on the Cost Classification panel.Decide on the classifications that could be applied to each ofthese costs using the table provided. The cost object in each caseis the cheesecake.
3.	Charles found some sampleincome statements and balance sheets on the Internet, and askedwhich of them might be most appropriate for a manufacturingbusiness like his. Review income statements A and B on the IncomeStatements panel, and balance sheets C and D on the Balance Sheetspanel. Determine which income statement and balance sheet would bemost appropriate for a manufacturing business like Able BakerCharlie. Then, on the Financial Statements panel, denote whichincome statement and balance sheet would be most appropriate for amanufacturing business.
4.	At the end of February, afterthe second month of operations of Able Baker Charlie Company,Charles shows you the data heâs collected, but he was unable tofigure out some of the amounts. On the Costs and Balances panel,determine the missing amounts. Note: It may behelpful to use T accounts to map the flow of the amounts throughthe manufacturing accounts and solve for the missing dollarvalues.

Managerial vs. Financial

Choose whether the following characteristics are most oftenassociated with managerial accounting or financial accounting.

	Managerial Accounting	Financial Accounting
Primarily used for internal decision making
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) must beused
Prepared statements usually pertain to the company as a wholerather than individual departments or products
Information provided will often be subjective, such asestimated future results
Often prepared on an as-needed basis rather than at fixedintervals
Use principles of the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board(SASB) to provide sustainability information to external financialstatement users
Consideration of sustainability practices to contribute to thecompanyâs long-term success
Using eco-efficiency measures to reduce expenses

Cost Classification

Charles has provided some of the costs he expects to incur asfollows. Decide on the classifications that could be applied toeach of these costs using the table provided. The cost object ineach case is the cheesecake.

Cost	Product	Period	Direct	Direct	Factory	Selling	Administrative	Direct	Indirect	Prime	Conversion
Cost	Cost	Cost	Materials	Labor	Overhead	Expense	Expense	Cost	Cost	Cost	Cost
Eggs used to make cheesecakes
Bakerâs wages
Delivery driver wages
Depreciation of office computers
Power to run the cheesecake ovens
Presidentâs salary
Sales commissions
Factory supervisor salary

Financial Statements

Charles found some sample income statements and balance sheetson the Internet, and asked which of them might be most appropriatefor a manufacturing business like his. Review income statements Aand B on the Income Statements panel, and balance sheets C and D onthe Balance Sheets panel. Determine which income statement andbalance sheet would be most appropriate for a manufacturingbusiness like Able Baker Charlie Company.

Which income statement is most appropriate for a manufacturingbusiness?

Income statement A

Income statement B

Which balance sheet is most appropriate for a manufacturingbusiness?

Balance sheet C

Balance sheet D

Income Statements

Income Statement A (scroll down for Income StatementB):

Sample Company A

Income Statement

For the Year Ended December 31, 20Y8

1	Sales		$42,000.00
2	Beginning finished goods inventory	$5,250.00
3	Plus cost of goods manufactured	6,400.00
4	Cost of finished goods available for sale	$11,650.00
5	Less ending finished goods inventory	400.00
6	Cost of goods sold		11,250.00
7	Gross profit		$30,750.00
8	Operating expenses:
9	Selling expenses	$6,400.00
10	Administrative expenses	5,250.00
11	Total operating expenses		11,650.00
12	Net income		$19,100.00

Income Statement B:

Sample Company B

Income Statement

For the Year Ended December 31, 20Y8

1	Sales		$42,000.00
2	Beginning merchandise inventory	$5,250.00
3	Plus net purchases	6,400.00
4	Merchandise available for sale	$11,650.00
5	Less ending merchandise inventory	400.00
6	Cost of merchandise sold		11,250.00
7	Gross profit		$30,750.00
8	Operating expenses:
9	Selling expenses	$6,400.00
10	Administrative expenses	5,250.00
11	Total operating expenses		11,650.00
12	Net income		$19,100.00

Balance Sheets

Balance Sheet C (scroll down for Balance SheetD):

Sample Company C

Balance Sheet

December 31, 20Y8

1	Assets
2	Cash		$20,800.00
3	Accounts receivable (net)		10,000.00
4	Merchandise inventory		6,000.00
5	Supplies		2,100.00
6	Land		17,000.00
7	Total assets		$55,900.00
8	Liabilities
9	Accounts payable		$17,800.00
10	Stockholdersâ Equity
11	Common stock	$19,000.00
12	Retained earnings	19,100.00
13	Total stockholdersâ equity		38,100.00
14	Total liabilities and stockholdersâ equity		$55,900.00

Balance Sheet D:

Sample Company D

Balance Sheet

December 31, 20Y8

1	Assets
2	Cash		$20,800.00
3	Accounts receivable (net)		10,000.00
4	Inventories:
5	Finished goods	$2,000.00
6	Work in process	1,500.00
7	Materials	2,500.00	6,000.00
8	Supplies		2,100.00
9	Land		17,000.00
10	Total assets		$55,900.00
11	Liabilities
12	Accounts payable		$17,800.00
13	Stockholdersâ Equity
14	Common stock	$19,000.00
15	Retained earnings	19,100.00
16	Total stockholdersâ equity		38,100.00
17	Total liabilities and stockholdersâ equity		$55,900.00

Costs and Balances

At the end of February, after the second month of operationsof Able Baker Charlie Company, Charles shows you the data heâscollected, but he was unable to figure out some of the amounts.Review the following data and fill in the missing amounts on thechart for Able Baker Charlie Company. Note: It maybe helpful to use T accounts to map the flow of the amounts throughthe manufacturing accounts and solve for the missing dollar values.It may also be helpful to review the steps for determining the costof materials used, total manufacturing cost incurred, and cost ofgoods manufactured.

Data forFebruary
Decrease in materialsinventory	$3,300
Materials inventory on Feb. 28	50% of materials inventory on Jan.31
Direct materials purchased	$12,600
Direct materials used	3 times the direct laborincurred
Total manufacturing costs incurredin period	$29,400
Total manufacturing costs incurredin period	70% of Cost of GoodsManufactured
Total manufacturing costs incurredin period	$7,000 less than Cost of GoodsSold

Account	Account Balances		Costs Incurred
Account	Jan.31	Feb.28	Costs Incurred
Materials Inventory			DirectMaterials Used
Work inProcess Inventory	$27,000		DirectLabor Incurred
FinishedGoods Inventory		$16,000	FactoryOverhead Incurred
			Cost ofGoods Sold

grayprairie-dog947

How to reply to the below Discussion response.

Managerial accounting provides internal managers the use ofaccounting to plan and control business operations(Pearsoncustom.com, n.d). The internal nature of managerialaccounting is opposite to financial accounting which is used inregards to external entities (investors, creditors and government).Management accounting focuses on the cost-benefit analysis tooperating procedures within an organization.

Associated with the two forms of accounting are two coststructures used in an income statement: absorption and variable.The two cost structures identify the cost of a product butabsorption costing includes the fixed manufacturing overhead.Variable costing identifies fixed manufacturing overhead as aperiod cost thus not including it in the price of a unit produced(EducationUnlocked, 2014). Absorption costing is typically utilizedin financial accounting for external entities. Variable costing istypically used in managerial accounting because they focus on onlyvariable costs which eliminate skewed results from fixed overheadin unused inventory. In the short-run managers donât need toinclude fixed costs because they are regarded as sunk costs nomatter how many units are produced or sold.

A variable costing income statement generates a contributionmargin. The contribution margin reflects the sale price of aproduct less all variable costs (EducationUnlocked, 2014). The contribution margin gains insight into costs thatcan be calculated in units. The contribution margin can helpmanagers understand profit per unit based on the variable expensesincurred. As the contribution margin doesnât include fixed expensesit can quickly identify if a company is going to be profited ableby subtracting the fixed expenses from the contribution margin.

olivebuffalo913

Determine whether each statement is true or false.

A. Freight costs incurred in shipping products to customers isproperly referred to as a product rather than period cost of theselling company.

B. Period costs include all selling and administrative costs,both variable and fixed.

C. The salary of a manufacturing quality control inspector wouldtypically be accounted for as manufacturing overhead.

D. A retail merchandising company's cost of goods sold typicallyincludes part of store utility costs.

E. A manufacturing company's cost of goods sold includes onlyproduct costs.

F. The basis used to apply manufacturing overhead in a job ordercost system based on a predetermined overhead rate should be ameasurable activity which correlates with or drives overheadcosts.

G. Managerial accounting is governed by rules issued by theAICPA

H. If sales price and fixed costs remain constant while variablecosts per unit increase, the number of units needed to be sold toreach the break-even point increases.

I. Unrecoverable past costs are always irrelevant in evaluatingfuture business decision alternatives.

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ACC 406 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Income Statement, Office Supplies, Gross Margin

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