BIO 2133 Chapter Notes - Chapter 13-14: Hydrolysis, Adenine, Antibody
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QUESTION 10
If you can drink milk as an adult, it means that you have inherited a mutation in the promoter of your lactase gene (the gene that encodes the enzyme you need to break down lactose). Predict the effect of this mutation:
| The mutation changes the number of domains in the enzyme, which makes it work more efficiently | ||
| The mutation changes the amino acid sequence of the lactase protein | ||
| The mutation increases the number of copies of the lactase gene that will be found in your genome | ||
| The mutation changes whether the lactase sequence is found in an intron or exon | ||
| The mutation affects the expression of the lactase gene |
1.2 points
QUESTION 11
A competitive inhibitor is decreasing the activity of an enzyme. Predict the effect of adding more substrate to the reaction.
| The substrate will increase the reaction rate by binding to the allosteric site | ||
| The substrate will increase the reaction rate by competing with the inhibitor for the active site | ||
| The reaction rate will not change unless the inhibitor can be removed | ||
| The enzyme adjusts its shape so that the substrate, but NOT the competitive inhibitor, can bind | ||
| The substrate will bind to the competitive inhibitor and block its ability to bind to the enzyme |
1.2 points
QUESTION 12
What determines where in the genome a transcription regulator will bind?
| Transcription regulators bind to the 5' UTR region of a gene | ||
| Regulators bind via complementary base-pairing to certain DNA molecules | ||
| Covalent bonds form between the transcription regulator and the atoms of the DNA backbone | ||
| Every eukaryotic gene has a different transcription regulator that will bind to the 5' end of the gene | ||
| Transcription regulators bind to specific DNA sequences via multiple weak non-covalent interactions |
1.2 points
QUESTION 13
What is the basic premise of cell theory?
| DNA -> RNA -> protein | ||
| All cells arise from pre-existing cells | ||
| DNA provides the complete instructions to create a cell | ||
| The identity of a cell is determined through gene expression patterns | ||
| All cells contain the same four basic macromolecules |
1.2 points
QUESTION 14
What is the benefit of using BOTH the lac activator and the lac repressor to control gene expression?
| Using both an activator and repressor enables cells to more accurately determine the amount of lactose available in the environment | ||
| Enzymes to digest lactose are only made when energy is low and lactose is available | ||
| The activator can override the inhibition of the lac operon by the repressor | ||
| The repressor can control the enhancer, while the activator can control the promoter | ||
| When neither the lac activator or repressor is present, expression of the lac operon is too high |
1.2 points
QUESTION 15
What is the histone code used for?
| Phosphorylation and acetylation of DNA affect its ability to be compacted | ||
| Changes to the sequence of DNA change whether DNA will wrap around histone proteins | ||
| Covalent modifications of histones affect the ability of the transcription initiation complex to form | ||
| Histones provide the codon sequences needed for translation to occur | ||
| The histone code affects which amino acids will get added to a polypeptide |
QUESTION 1
A mutation caused by exposure to gamma rays is called a spontaneous mutation
| a. | True | |
| b. | False | |
| c. | Sometimes, depending on the type of base change | |
| d. | Gamma rays do not cause mutations |
QUESTION 2
A recessive mutation affecting an essential biochemical pathway can be detected________
| a. | when the organism is heterozygous for that mutation. | |
| b. | when the organism is homozygous for that mutation. | |
| c. | in either homozygous or heterozygous conditions. | |
| d. | only by sequencing (recessive mutations never show a phenotype). |
QUESTION 3
During DNA replication, the newly synthesized chain grows by adding
| a. | nitrogenous bases | |
| b. | the sugar-phosphate backbone | |
| c. | nucleosides | |
| d. | dNTPs |
QUESTION 4
During replication, the DNA strand 5â- AAGTCTAGCCTAG -3â will serve as a template for the polymerization of:
| a. | 5â- CTAGGCTAGACTT -3â | |
| b. | 5â - TTCAGATCGGATC -3â | |
| c. | 5â - GATCCGATCTGAA -3â | |
| d. | 3â - AAGTCTAGCCTAG -5â |
QUESTIOn 5
Given the following DNA sequences, select which statement(s) is(are) correct.
Sequence 1:
5â-TGGACGCTAA-3â
3â-ACCTGCGATT-5â
Sequence 2:
5â-AATCGCAGGT-3â
3â-TTAGCGTCCA-5â
Sequence 3:
5â-ACCTGCGATT-3â
3â-TGGACGCTAA-5â
| a. | Sequences 1 and 2 are the same | |
| b. | Sequences 1 and 3 are the same | |
| c. | Sequences 2 and 3 are the same | |
| d. | Sequences 1, 2 and 3 are all different |
QUESTION 6
Repetitive sequences in the genome are hotspots for:
| a. | Deamination | |
| b. | Depurination | |
| c. | Thymine dimer formation | |
| d. | Replication errors |
QUESTION 7
Select which statement(s) about the Ames test is(are) correct
| a. | it has been designed to understand mutation repair systems in Salmonella typhimurium | |
| b. | it uses mammalian liver extract | |
| c. | it allows to study whether chemical compounds or their enzymatic breakdown products are mutagenic | |
| d. | it is based on whether a chemical compound causes reversion mutations from his+ to his- | |
| e. | two of the above are correct | |
| f. | three of the above are correct |
QUESTION 8
Select which statement(s) is(are) correct.
| a. | All DNA strands have a direction, and it is specified by the carbons in the sugar backbone. | |
| b. | All DNA strands have a direction, and it is specified by hydrogen bonds between nucleotides. | |
| c. | In order to form proper base pairs in a double stranded DNA molecule, the two strands must run in opposite directions. | |
| d. | A and C are correct. | |
| e. | B and C are correct. |
QUESTION 9
Studies of gene mutation frequencies have shown that:
| a. | mutations are rare, and genomes are generally stable. | |
| b. | mutation frequencies differ among organisms and also between genes, suggesting certain genes are more susceptible to mutation. | |
| c. | mutation frequencies are consistent between organisms, and each region of DNA is equally susceptible to random mutations. | |
| d. | Both A and B are correct. | |
| e. | Both A and C are correct. |
QUESTION 10
The compound 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is a derivative of uracil, and if BrdU becomes incorporated during DNA replication, it pairs with adenine. This compound is best classified as which type of mutagen?
| a. | base analog | |
| b. | base inducer | |
| c. | intercalating agent | |
| d. | oxidative agent | |
| e. | alkylating agent |
QUESTION 11
The rate of mutation of the fruit fly is higher than the rate of mutation of Algae
True
False
QUESTION 12
Thymine dimers are most commonly caused by which of the following?
| a. | X-rays | |
| b. | Alkylating agents | |
| c. | U.V. irradiation | |
| d. | DNA intercalating agents |
QUESTION 13
What chemical group is found in the 3â end of a DNA strand?
| a. | an alcohol | |
| b. | a hydroxyl | |
| c. | a methyl | |
| d. | a phosphate |
QUESTION 14
What chemical group is found in the 5â end of a DNA strand?
| a. | an alcohol | |
| b. | a hydroxyl | |
| c. | a methyl | |
| d. | a phosphate |
QUESTION 15
Which is the correct order of molecules binding to DNA during DNA replication?
| a. | Helicase, SSB, primase, DNA pol III, DNA pol I, ligase | |
| b. | SSB, DNA pol I, ligase, helicase, DNA pol I, primase | |
| c. | primase, helicase, DNA pol III, ligase, DNA pol I, SSB | |
| d. | SSB, helicase, primase, DNA pol III, DNA pol I, ligase |
QUESTION 16
Which statement(s) is(are) correct about strand slippage?
| a. | It can cause disorders such as Huntingon disease. | |
| b. | It is a process that causes mutations altering the number of DNA repeats. | |
| c. | It is a process that incorporates nucleotide base analogs and trinucleotide repeats. | |
| d. | a and b are correct. | |
| e. | b and c are correct. | |
| f. | a, b and c are correct. |
help needed asap.
