BIOC51H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 10: Phylogenetic Tree, Synapomorphy

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salmonpanda260

3 Nov 2010

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The comparative method seeks to evaluate hypotheses by testing for patterns across species, such as correlations among traits, or correlations between traits and features of the environment. Pattern shows as a bat species evolved larger roosting group sizes than its species -> also evolved larger testes for body size. Phylogeny: evolutionary history of a group of species. Phylogenetic tree: graphical summary of this history. The most closesly related taxa should have the most traits in common. Synapomorphy: homologous trait that is shared amongst certain species and is similar b/c it was modi ed in a common ancestor. Monophyletic groups are comprised of an ancestor and all of its descendents. E. g. all living organisms (shared genetic code) Bacteria + mammals = same monophyletic group, but each have synapomorphies that identify them as distinct monophyletic groups. All synapomorphies are homologous traits, but not all homologous traits are synapomorphies (can be identi ed @ all taxa levels)

Related Questions

1) Parents from two different species mate and produce a fertileoffspring with a polyploid chromosome number. This is called

	allopolyploidy
	allopatric speciation
	triploidy
	mutation selection
	autopolyploidy

2)A monophyletic group would be best described as:

	a grouping of most, but not all, species descended from a commonancestor
	a grouping of all species descended from a common ancestor,including that ancestor
	a grouping of all species descended from a common ancestor,excluding that ancestor
	a grouping of all species that share a similar set of traits,regardless of whether the traits are homologous or analogous

3) Vicariance refers to:

	a pattern of speciation whereby new species evolve reproductiveisolation in sympatry
	a kind of speciation where a small group of colonists founds apopulation on an island habitat
	a pattern of speciation in which a population is subdivided by ageographical barrier
	a technique for constructing phylogenetic trees based onsynapomorphies

rubymosquito920

Among flowering plants, cactus-like species are found in desert-living members of the cactus family (naturally), as well as the spurge family and the milkweed family. These families are each monophyletic groups, but they are quite unrelated to each other (they are not sister clades). Within flowering plants, the cactus-like growth habit is best considered to be the result of _________________ and is a form of _______________.
1) evolutionary reversal; synapomorphy
2) convergent evolution; homoplasy
3) synapomorphy; homology
4) polymorphism; shared ancestral character state
5) convergent evolution; shared derived trait

Cladistic methods of phylogenetic inference are based on which of the following?

synapomorphies (shared derived characters) that are shared by taxa that descend from a common ancestor

clustering algorithms that group taxa based on their degree of similarity

uniquely derived characters show the most recently evolved taxa

BIOC51H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 10: Phylogenetic Tree, Synapomorphy

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