PSYA01H3 Chapter 2: Chapter 2
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Chapter 2: the ways and means of psychology. Naturalistic observation: observation of animals in their natural environment (ex. Charles darwin) least formal, fewest rules, foundation for biological and social sciences observer remains in background, trying not to interfere. 2+ measurements of behaviour or characteristics of animals attempt to explain observations. Experiments: study in which researcher changes value of indep. variable and observes whether the manipulation affects the value of the dependent variable only experiments confirm cause-and-effect relations among variables. **following steps of scientific method reduces chances that you will be wrong. Confounding variables: simultaneous manipulation of 1+ one variable, results not valid (ex. Seasame street example: evaluate the hypothesis by examining data from the study. Reliability: repeatability of experiment with same results www. notesolution. com low agreement = poor reliability. Interrater reliability: the degree to which 2+ observers agree in their conclusion (i. e. if they agree, interrater reliability is high)
