RLGA02H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1: Axis Mundi, Zoroastrianism, Symbolic Link

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erincheetah56

1 May 2012

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Stonehenge one of several ancient rock structures thought to have been constructed for ritual purposes. Humans have imagined the world to consist of 3 levels: sky (uppermost level) Home of the highest deity (male), who was the forerunner of the god of the monotheistic religions: earth. Lived the spirits of serpents (surviving as cobras or nagas a mythical cobra living in the underworld, associated with water and fertility in indian religions) or reptilian monsters. B/c they were associated with dark and hidden places, usually imagined as evil. Sacred places there are certain places where humans feel they are in the presence of some unusual energy and such places are treated with respect. High places sacred areas located on hill- or mountain- tops (ie. ancient. Middle east places closest to sky-dwelling deities) Attributing spirits to animals (either individually or as members of a family)

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Hi,

Please need help for Multiple-Choice

22. Physical anthropologists are interested in

a. how and why the physical traits of contemporary humans vary.

b. reconstructing the evolutionary record of all forms of life.

c. reconstructing the evolutionary record of all humans.

d. a and c only

PG: 5

23. Paleopathology

a. is a primary focus of research in linguistic anthropology.

b. is the analysis of disease in ancient populations.

c. examines language from the time period before the invention of writing.

d. is the analysis of disease in contemporary populations.

24. Ethnocentrism is the belief that

a. oneâs culture is no better or no worse than any other.

b. other cultures are inferior to oneâs own.

c. other cultures are superior to oneâs own.

d. to understand another cultural feature, you must look at it from within its proper cultural context.

25. Historical archaeology

a. deals with that vast segment of the human record prior to writing.

b. analyzes the first stone tools used by humans.

c. contributes significantly to our understanding of colonial American cultures.

d. none of the above

26. Ecofacts are

a. objects found in the natural environment that were used by people but not made or altered by them.

b. objects that have been made by people and are portable.

c. objects that have been made by people but are not portable.

d. objects found in the natural environment that were formed by natural occurrences such as exposure to great heat or cold.

27. Which statement about applied anthropology is false?

a. It is considered by some to be the fifth sub-branch of anthropology.

b. All four fields of anthropology have applied components.

c. The author of this textbook takes a strong stance against applied anthropology

d. In recent decades, there has been a significant increase in the percentage of applied anthropologists in the discipline of anthropology.

Thanks

1. Discuss and decide upon characteristics that define each of the following broad groups

(domains, kingdoms) of organisms in order to attempt to define these major groups of life

on the planet. Although many characteristics may overlap from one group to the next,

attempt to define some traits that could be used to definitively (exclusively) place an

organism into a specific group. Finally, for each, what would the small subunit ribosomal

rRNA gene sequence tell us?

Viruses

Bacteria

Archaea

Protists (algae, protozoa)

Fungi

Animals

Plants

2. For the previous groups, which include representatives of ones that live as part of the

âhuman ecosystemâ? Provide some examples of each and where they can be found,

including both those that are part of our normal microbiota (i.e., not pathogens) and some

that are.

3. Considering the above and what weâve covered about these groups of organisms,

identify some structures/processes that hypothetically could be used to inhibit or kill

different types of pathogens without (hypothetically, at least) harming the human host.

4. Consider the microbial world. Which has a greater impact or importance â pathogens,

or benign microbes? Explain, giving examples.

5. A number of antibiotics target the bacterial 70S ribosome, exploiting structural

differences from the 80S ribosome found in humans and other eukaryotes. Although

effective at killing bacteria, these drugs can still have some toxicity to humans. In the

context of the endosymbiotic theory of evolution, provide a hypothesis as to why this

might be.

viridianeel412

Read the following passage focusing your attention on the scientific procedures and scientific abilities illustrated in it. Think about what types of experiments (observation, testing or application) are described. Identify the hypothesis, predictions, outcomes of experiments and assumptions that appear in the passage. The standard explanation of how humans originally acquired AIDS is that HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) originally was transmitted to humans from monkeys or apes carrying SIV, simian immunodeficiency virus. How could the transmission have occurred? Several similar hypotheses involve an African hunter coming in contact with monkey blood. For example this could have occurred when a hunter butchering a monkey, got some of its blood in a cut, or when a human ate undercooked monkey meat, or when a monkey bit a human. Depending on one's assessment of the genetic diversity of HIV over time, this transmission might have occurred only a few decades ago or, alternatively, hundreds or thousands of years ago. If the latter is correct then AIDS could have been restricted to remote African villages until recent decades when trade and international travel led to the current pandemic. There are however other alternative explanations for the spread of AIDS. One of them is that AIDS arose from contaminated polio vaccines used in Africa from 1957-59. Why is this a plausible explanation? Polio vaccines are cultured on apesâ kidneys, so contamination of a batch of vaccine by an SIV is a possibility. There is a precedent: in the 1950s and early 1960s millions of doses of polio vaccine were contaminated by another simian virus, SV-40. The vaccine alleged to be the origin of AIDS was given to hundreds of thousands of people in central and west Africa from 1957-1959. These locations later had some of the world's highest levels of HIV infection. The timing is also right, since the earliest known cases of AIDS date from the 1960s; the earliest HIV-positive blood sample was collected in Kinshasa in 1959. At the time, there was no way of testing for the presence of SIVs, which were only discovered in the 1980s. Another factor adds plausibility to the theory: the vaccine was given to many infants less than a month old, in an extra high dose. Since the immune systems of infants are not fully developed, this is an excellent way to help a virus jump the species barrier. Some scientists argue that the above explanation is not necessarily correct but that it is worth taking seriously. There are a number of ways to test it. One is to analyze stocks of polio vaccine; if the explanation is correct, then it is probable that some of the vaccines will carry SIV. Another is to scrutinize records of early polio vaccination campaigns in Africa. If it is true that the immunodeficiency virus passed to humans by way of those vaccines, the areas where the campaigns took place would be the same as those where the initial sprouts of the disease occurred and where the larger number of cases occurred during the early stages of the pandemic. Another is to analyze blood samples in Africa from the 1950s and earlier (pre polio vaccination): if the immunodeficiency virus was transmitted via the polio vaccine, HIV should not be found. Adapted from âPolitical refutation of a scientific theory: the case of polio vaccines and the origin of AIDSâ. Brian Martin, published in Health Care Analysis, Vol. 6, 1998, pp. 175-179. Now reread the passage and answer the following questions.

5. For each experiment, write an outcome that would disprove the hypothesis of AIDS passing from monkeys to humans through polio vaccines.

6. What outcomes of the experiments would fail to disprove the hypothesis of AIDS passing from monkeys to humans through polio vaccines?explain.

7.What outcomes would prove the hypothesis? Hint: This is not the same as question 6. Think about what would you need to do to 100% prove a hypothesis.

8. For what reasons do scientists need to conduct testing experiments?

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RLGA02H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1: Axis Mundi, Zoroastrianism, Symbolic Link

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