BIOL 2021 Chapter Notes - Chapter 15.1: Transforming Growth Factor Beta, Nuclear Receptor, Paracrine Signalling
11 Feb 2018
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Document Summary
Smad receptors are similar to rtks and are important in development, tissue repair, and immune regulation. The receptors are single pass membrane proteins and have ser/thr kinase domains on the cytosolic side of the membrane. The 2 receptors dimerize (tetraheterodimers different proteins) and transphosphorylation occurs. Smads (gene regulatory proteins) bind to the active type i receptor, get phosphorylated, and go into the nucleus to activate gene transcription (long term effect) Ser/thr receptors can activate smads, map kinases and pi3-kinases. Other pathways can also activate smads, mapk, and pi3-k. Cells compute information (generate an appropriate response) Cells have quantitative information (not just qualitative) Small, hydrophobic signals cross the plasma membrane. Ligands are commonly steroid hormones for nuclear receptors in animal cells. Travel to cells through the blood stream by a carrier protein to solubilize them. Nuclear receptors are gene regulatory proteins that bind to dna sequences to alter gene expression.
