FINE 2000 Chapter Notes - Chapter 12: Capital Loss, Common Stock, Squared Deviations From The Mean

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26 Mar 2017

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Chapter 12 - lessons from capital market history. Introduction: 2 lessons, there is reward for bearing risk, the greater the risk, the greater the potential reward --> called risk-return trade off. 12. 3 average returns: arithmetic average return = sum of all returns / number of years, these are nominal average returns --> have not been accounted for inflation, real return rate = nominal - inflation. Value at risk (var: statistical measure of maximum loss used by banks and other financial institutions to manage risk exposures, likely underestimates the amount of capital needed because it is based on assuming a normal distribution of returns. 2008 the bear growled and investors howled: august 2008 to march 2009, huge drop is stock prices, china, india and russia --> dropped by more than 50% Iceland --> dropped by 90: the price of bonds went up.

Related Questions

The goal of the firm is to ____ because _____. Answer maximize shareholders' wealth; it considers all risks invest funds in real estate; the return is longer maximize shareholders' profit; it is a short term outlook closely matching management goals Mike is paying $8,000 a year on his mortgage at 6% nominal annual interest. He has 15 more years to make payments. He wants to sell his house today. The lowest [minimum] price he can sell the house without losing any money on the house would be about ___. Answer $120,000 $ 50,000 $77,698 $ 186,208 A firm's net income before tax, EBT [NIBT] (on the income statement) is affected by _____. Answer taxes interest dividends Common Stock as listed on the Balance Sheet could include which of the following? Answer A) retained earnings B) additional paid in capital over par value C) preferred capital Both A) and B) If an asset is sold for ___ than its basis, the tax effect would be ____. Answer A) more; capital gain and depreciation recapture B) less; depreciation recapture C) more; capital loss Both A) and B) The main reason for a firm to have assets is to _______. Answer generate revenue match the liabilities and equity both of the above be able to borrow money and pay its debts none of the above The only risk you would NOT have in loaning money to the United States Government (Uncle Sugar) is _____ risk. Answer liquidity maturity default A(n) ____ shows _____. Answer balance sheet; sources and uses of funds income statement; net income as of a specific date cash flow statement; how well the firm is doing relative to its competition You can compare dollars _____ because ______. Answer computed using equations; any math is always correct at any point in time; time is never a factor if they are at nominal value; that is when decisions are made only at the same point in time; dollars can be invested to earn interest There ___ a tax benefit to the company with paying preferred dividends because _______. Answer is; investors can write them off is not; investors declare them as income is; the company can use the payments as an expense is not; the company cannot use the payments as an expense XYZ issued a 6% coupon, $1,000 par, 30 year to maturity bond. It is now 6 years to maturity. What is the price of the bond if the yield to maturity [market interest rate] is 10%? Answer $1,000 $659.46 $825.79 $705.33 The valuation process can be described as ______. Answer calculating the present value of an expected future cash flow using the investor's required rate of return as the discount rate calculating the future value of an expected future cash flow using the investor's required rate of return as the discount rate amortizing the value of the asset over its holding period The ______ is the minimum required rate of return a firm must earn on its investments. Answer net present value opportunity cost of capital or weighted average cost of capital. internal rate of return gross profit margin The value of an asset is the _____ dollar price someone is willing to pay for it. Answer usual maximum minimum Companies use ____ in capital budgeting project analysis because ________. Answer accounting profit; that is the total net income after tax cash flow; that is what the owners would receive from the project and reinvest accounting profit; that is what the owners would receive from the project and reinvest after tax cash flow; that is the result of prudent accounting When borrowing money, you want to know the ____ interest rate because ____. Answer nominal; it is the easiest to find. effective; it is the true cost of borrowing risk free; that is what the government pays Fed funds; that is what you would pay the bank Cash available to pay out to the investors after the firm pays for new investments or additions to working capital is _____. Answer a statement of cash flows operating after tax cash flow free cash flow net income An organization that raises money from investors and provides financing for individuals and businesses is a ___. Answer factor federal government regulatory unit state government taxing authority financial intermediary Negatives/cons of the Net Present Value (NPV) technique include: Answer least conservative reinvestment assumption multiple rates of return for non-conventional cash flows all of the above none of the above A fixed exchange rate means a country _____. Answer can only use gold coins as money is limited in the amount of paper money it can print can print money as the economy demands Your company is considering an investment with the following expected cash flows: Initial Investment = $407,596 Operating Cash Flows = $73,428 per year Terminal Cash Flow = $11,872. The company's WACC is 11% for similar risk projects. The proposed project would have an expected life of 9 years. Your boss asks you to do the analysis. You would tell your boss this proposed project ___ because ____. Answer is acceptable; NPV is about $3,620 is acceptable; NPV is zero should be rejected; NPV is about -$5,660 [negative $5,660]. should be rejected; NPV is zero All ratios are ___ and a reason to analyze ratios is ____. Answer good; to continue to look productive good and bad; because seemingly good ratios can be masking something bad bad; to try to rework the numbers to have them look good basically irrelevant; there really is no need to analyze financial statements When analyzing financial statements, ratio analysis gives ____ and provides insight into ____. Answer very little useful information; practically nothing good practice in logical thinking; what has occurred and the logic behind it financiers something to do during slow periods; how the financier spends his time accountants a reason to provide financial statements; why accountants do what they do while at work Given: Economic State[i]: Good Average Expected Return[i]: 10% 8% Probability[i]: 30% 70% What is the Standard Deviation? Answer 3% 8.4% 0.92% 5.6% Chapter 9: XYZ has a projected project to install a new press. The expected cash revenue is $175,000 per year. Expected yearly expenses are: Operatinf costs of $50,000; Rental of $17,000; Utilities of $20,500; and Depreciation of $10,000. The tax rate is 35%. What is the expected After-Tax Operating Cash Flow for the first year? Answer $65,500 $60,375 $77,500 $97,500 A stock just paid a dividend of $1.60 per year. The dividend is expected to grow at 3% per year indefinately. Equally risky stocks offer expected rates of return of 8%. What should be the stock price? Answer 53.33 $16.00 $32.96 None of the above. A plot of the CAPM is the _____. Answer wrong thing to do Security Market Line a function showing how to calculate TVM All of the above. Derivatives are used to ___. Answer divide one number by another find old ways to do things hedge risk none of the above With the end of the Gold Standard in the 1970's, what new risk did business face in the international market? Answer Comjpetition Exchange rate Worker compensation Property taxes One of the positive aspects [pros] of a Floating Exchange Rate System is ____. Answer money can be printed as needed to support financial/economic growth no/reduced inflation economic growth is reduced as a result of reduced liquidity [lower money supply] business planning is more difficult A(n) ____ contract obligates the seller to execute the contract and the contract is executed. Answer backwards forward future option What policies did countries institute after the Great War that help lead to the Great Depression? Answer A. Mandatory military service B. Trade restrictions C. High tariffs D. Isolationism Only B., C. and D. All of the above

bluemarten153

Roger McDonald, 55 years old and single, is a dental surgeon and owns a dental practice. Roger has accumulated a SGD2,000,000 investment portfolio with a large concentration in small-cap Singapore equities. Over the last 5 years the portfolio has averaged 15 percent annual total return on investment. Roger does not expect to retire before he is 70 years old. His current income is more than sufficient to meet his expenses. Upon retirement, he plans to sell his medical practice and use the proceeds to purchase an annuity to cover his retirement cash flow needs. He has no additional long term goals or needs.
In consultation with Roger, his investment advisor, Justin Teo has drawn up an investment policy statement with the following elements (Justinâs notes justifying each item are included):
Risk tolerance: Roger has above average risk tolerance.
Justinâs notes:
- Rogerâs present investment portfolio and his desire for larger returns indicate a high willingness to take risk.
- His financial situation (largely current asset base, has ample income to cover expenses, lack of need for liquidity or cashflow, and long time horizon) indicates a high ability to assume risk.
Return Objective: The return objective is an average total return of 10 per cent or more with a focus on long-term capital appreciation.
Justinâs notes:
- Rogerâs circumstances warrant an above-average return objective that emphasizes capital appreciation for the following reasons:
- Roger has a sizable assert base and ample income to cover his current spending; therefore, the focus should be on growing the portfolio.
- Rogerâs low liquidity needs and long time horizon support an emphasis on a long term capital appreciation approach.
- Roger does not rely on the portfolio to meet living expenses.
-The numerical objective of 10 per cent represents an estimate of a target Roger can aim for rather than a minimum return required to meet a specific financial goal.

Liquidity: Rogerâs liquidity needs are low.
Justinâs notes:
- Roger has no regular cash flow needs from the portfolio, because the income from his medical practice meets all current spending needs.
- No large, one-time cash needs are stated. However, it could be considered appropriate to keep a small cash reserve for emergencies.
Time Horizon: Rogerâs time horizon is long term and consists of 2 stages:
(1) The first stage consists of the time until his retirement, which he expects to be 15 years.
(2) The second consists of his lifetime following retirement, which could range
from 10 to 20 years. Justin has also summarised Rogerâs current portfolio in Exhibit 1 below:
Value Total Return Deviation
Short-term Bonds $200,000 10% 4.6% 1.6%
Domestic Large-Cap Equities $600,000 30% 12.4% 19.5%
Domestic Small-Cap $1,200,000 60% 16.0% 29.9%
Total Portfolio $2,000,000 100% 13.8% 23.1%
Exhibit 1: Rogerâs Current Investment Portfolio

Roger expects to receive an inheritance of SGD2,000,000 soon. Roger and Justin sit down to discuss its investment in one of the four index funds. Given Rogerâs already above average risk tolerance and level of portfolio risk, Roger and Justin have concluded that the risk tolerance description in the current IPS remains valid; they do not want to contemplate further increase in portfolio risk. On the other hand, they do not wish to reduce expected return. Justin is evaluating the four index funds shown in Exhibit 2 below for their ability to produce a portfolio that will meet the following two criteria relative to the current portfolio:
- Maintain or enhance expected return, and
- Maintain or reduce volatility.

Each Fund in Exhibit 2 is invested in an asset class that is not substantially represented in the current portfolio shown in Exhibit 1. Exhibit 2 presents statistics on those index
funds.
Expected Expected Correlation of
Index Annual Annual Standard Returns with Current
Fund Return Deviation Portfolioâs Return
Fund A 15% 25% +0.80
Fund B 11% 22% +0.60
Fund C 16% 25% +0.90
Fund D 14% 22% +0.65
Exhibit 2: Expected Risk, Return and Correlation of 4 Index Funds under Consideration

Question 1
(a) Recommend the most appropriate index fund to add to Rogerâs portfolio. Justify your recommendations by describing how your chosen fund best meets both of the stated criteria. (No calculations are required.)

(b) Twenty years later, Roger is meeting with you, his new financial advisor. You are evaluating if Rogerâs investment policy remains appropriate for his changed circumstances.
- Roger is now 75 years old and retired. His spending requirements are expected to increase with the rate of general inflation, which is expected to average 3.0 per cent annually.
- Roger estimates his current living expenses at SGD150,000 annually. An annuity, purchased with the proceeds from the sale of his medical practice, provides SGD20,000 of this amount. The annuity is adjusted for inflation annually using a national price index.
- Because of poor investment performance and a high level of spending, Rogerâs asset base has declined to SGD1,200,000 exclusive of the value of the annuity.
- Roger sold all of his small-cap investment last year and invested the proceeds in domestic bonds.
- Because his international equity investments have performed poorly, Roger has become markedly uncomfortable holding international equities.
-Roger plans to donate SGD60,000 to a charity in three months.

Discuss how each of the following components of Rogerâs investment policy statement should now reflect the changes in his (note that the observations should focus on but not limited to the direction and magnitude of change in each component rather than on a specific numeric change):
(i) Risk tolerance
(ii) Return requirement
(iii) Liquidity needs
(iv) Time horizon

(c) Rogerâs investment portfolio at 75 years old is summarised in Exhibit 3 below:
Current Expected Expected
Allocation Return Standard Deviation
Cash equivalents 2% 5% 3%
Fixed Income 75% 7% 8%
Domestic Equities 10% 10% 16%
International Equities 3% 12% 22%
Domestic Real Estate 10% 10% 17%
_______________________________________________________________
Exhibit 3: Rogerâs Investment Portfolio at Age 75 Years Old

Given Rogerâs changed circumstances, state whether the current allocation to each asset class should be lower, the same, or higher. Justify your response with one reason for each asset class. No calculations are required and responses should be based only on Rogerâs changed circumstances and the information in
Exhibit 3.
(i) Cash Equivalents
(ii) Fixed Income
(iii) Domestic Equities
(iv) International Equities
(v) Domestic Real Estate

(d) Explain one (1) way in which Roger might seek to reduce the tension between his current return requirement and his current risk tolerance.

orangewildebeest816

Making Long Term FM Decisions - Integrative Case

Introduction: As a special analytical group set up by ACME Iron by the firmâs Controller, you have been tasked to respond to the following issues raised in a meeting with the CFO.

You must look over several prospective financial strategies to aid in the successful growth of ACME Iron: Capital investment analysis; CAPM â Capital Asset Pricing Model determination for the company; WACC â Weighted Average Cost of Capital computations; EVA â Economic Value Analysis; MVA â Market Value Added; Capital structure of the company; Dividend policy; Stock repurchase and option pricing strategy; Bankruptcy risk analysis; Decision Tree Creation; Real option analysis of projects

The CFO wants to test you out on a simple project in the first task before you get into preparing items for his board presentation in subsequent tasks and projects. He wants to see how well you perform tasks as well as how accurate and thoughtful you are in your work. Details are important to him as well as good organization/presentation and communication.

Financial Statements for use on Tasks

ACME Iron		Balance Sheet

Assets
Current assets:	2014	2015	change
Cash	500,000	600,000	100,000
Investments	1,000,000	1,025,000	25,000
Inventories	110,000,000	117,000,000	7,000,000
Accounts receivable	11,750,000	12,500,000	750,000
Pre-paid expenses	2,500,000	2,600,000	100,000
Other	0	0	-
Total current assets	125,750,000	133,725,000	7,975,000

Fixed assets:	2014	2015	change
Property and equipment	165,000,000	175,000,000	10,000,000
Leasehold improvements	0	0	-
Equity and other investments	55,000,000	65,000,000	10,000,000
Less accumulated depreciation	15,000,000	15,500,000	500,000
Total fixed assets	235,000,000	255,500,000	20,500,000

Other assets:	2014	2015	change
Goodwill	75,000,000	70,000,000	(5,000,000)
Total other assets	75,000,000	70,000,000	(5,000,000)

Total assets	435,750,000	459,225,000	23,475,000

Liabilities and owner's equity
Current liabilities:	2014	2015	change
Accounts payable	40,500,000	42,400,000	1,900,000
Accrued wages	85,000,000	90,500,000	5,500,000
Accrued compensation	10,000,000	10,855,000	855,000
Income taxes payable	4,024,000	4,697,000	673,000
current portion of LT debt	5,500,000	10,350,000	4,850,000
Other	0	0	-
Total current liabilities	145,024,000	158,802,000	13,778,000

Long-term liabilities:	2014	2015	change
Long term debt	125,000,000	130,000,000	5,000,000
Total long-term liabilities	125,000,000	130,000,000	5,000,000

Owner's equity:	2014	2015	change
Common stock	122,000,000	122,000,000	-
Preferred stock	16,725,000	16,725,000	-
Accumulated retained earnings	27,001,000	31,698,000	4,697,000
Total owner's equity	165,726,000	170,423,000	4,697,000

Total liabilities and owner's equity	435,750,000	459,225,000	23,475,000

Income Statement

ACME Iron

December 2015

Financial Statements in '000s of U.S. Dollars

REVENUE
Gross Sales	250,000
Less: Sales Returns & Allowances	2,500
Net Sales		247,500

COST OF GOODS SOLD
Beginning Inventory	7,500
Add: Purchases	4,500
Freight-in	0
Direct Labor	75,000
Indirect Expenses	15,000
Inventory Available	102,000
Less: Ending Inventory
Cost of Goods Sold		102,000
Gross Profit (Loss)		145,500

EXPENSES
Advertising	7,500
Amortization	0
Bad Debts	5,000
Depreciation	500
Dues and Subscriptions	0
Employee Benefit Programs	18,750
Insurance	2,500
Interest	10,350
Legal & Professional Fees	100
Licenses & Fees	0
Miscellaneous	10
Office Expenses	100
Payroll Taxes	5,625
Postage	3
Rent	0
Repairs & Maintenance	5,000
Supplies	2,000
Telephone	120
Travel	1,750
Utilities	50,000
Vehicle Expenses	450
Wages	25,000
Total Expenses		134,758
Net Operating Income		10,742

OTHER INCOME
Gain (Loss) on Sale of Assets	0
Interest Income	1,000
Total Other Income		1,000

TAXES		4,697
Net Income (Loss)		7,045

TASK 2

In this task we are examining the current capital structure of ACME Iron and determining the WACC of the company. Assume that ACMEâs tax rate is 40%.

To compute the WACC you must first find the after-tax cost of debt, the cost of equity and the proportions of debt and equity in the firm. You can assume that the cost of debt before tax is 8% for the firm. Please clearly show how you derive each of these values:

After-tax cost of debt =

Cost of equity =

Proportions of debt and equity in the firm =

How do we compute the WACC in this circumstance? Why do we need to be concerned with the WACC?

Any insights into the capital structure of ACME Iron?

The weighted average cost of capital is the weighted average of the cost of equity and the after-tax cost of debt. Another way of looking at this is computing the effect of the capital structure on expected returns by investors.

WACC= S/B+S x Rs + B/B+S x RB x (1 â tc )

Where

S = value of equity

B = value of debt

Rs = cost of equity

After tax cost of debt: RB x (1 â tc )

Helpful Hint: One thing to bring up here is WACC is needed to determine risk on several levels. To determine risk we need to remember the following items:

1. Risk is deviation from expectations.

2. We need to set expectations for our investments in relation to risk and return. Higher risk = higher return.

3. Capital is obtained from the marketplace in two forms; equity and debt. This is the capital structure of a corporation and impacts the profits of a company depending on how this is managed.

4. We use our cost of capital to discount any cash flows from new investments (NPV and IRR analysis).

5. If cost of capital rises then our risk rises and the projects we undertake to increase sales and return to our investors is reduced.

6. If debt rises then our obligation to make payments on interest increases and profits can decrease if sales do not increase rapidly enough.

7. If risk increases our beta will increase to show the increase in risk. This will increase our required rate of return to stockholders (CAPM) and thus increase our required rate of return we must use in discounting future cash flows.

TASK 3

Acme is planning construction of a new loading ramp for its single iron mill. The initial cost of the investment is $1 million. Efficiencies from the new ramp are expected to reduce costs by $100,000 for the life of the plant which is currently estimated at another 30 years.

When will this project break-even on a simple cash basis and a discounted cash basis.

What is the NPV of the project if Acme has an after tax cost of debt of 8% and a cost equity of 12% (they are currently funded equally by debt and equity)?

Helpful Hint: The first step in conducting an NPV analysis is to include all the relevant cash flows. This includes savings from taxes and any expenses directly related to the venture. We reject any project with a negative NPV.

FINE 2000 Chapter Notes - Chapter 12: Capital Loss, Common Stock, Squared Deviations From The Mean

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