BIOLOGY 283 Chapter Notes - Chapter 6.1: Euchromatin, Heterochromatin, Zygosity

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4 Dec 2018

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E in any genetic cross involving linked genes , no matter how complex , the two most frequent types of gametes with respect to any pair of genes are non recombinant ; These provide the linkage phase ca "s vs trans ) of the alleles of the genes in the multiply heterozygous parent . are chromosome interference. I crossing over in one region of a chromosome reduces the probability of a 2nd crossover in a nearby region ] on coefficient of coincidence. I the observed number of double - recombinant. The degree of interference depends on the distance between the genetic markers and on the species : genetic mapping functions. E mathematical relationship between the genetic distance across an interval in a. Map units and the observed frequency of recombination across the interval. In general , crossing over is much less frequent in regions of heterochromatin than in regions of euchromatin.

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ANSWER ALL the PARTS you can

PART1 Alleles are considered linked if recombination is less than 50% in:

a) a Px P Fl cross

b) an F1 x F1F2 cross

c) an F2 x F2F3 cross

d) an Fl x homozygous recessive cross

e) any F2 progeny x homozygous recessive cross 1.

PART2 If two loci A/a B/b are 9 map units apart, and an Ab/aB individual is testcrossed,

a) There will be 9% AB individuals

b)There will be 91% Ab individuals

c) There will be 4.5% ab individuals

d) There will be 91% recombination individuals

If two genes a and b show 50% recombination genes a and c show 35% recombination, and genes b and show 32% recombination, then

a) Genes a and b are on the same chromosome, and 50 m.u. apart

b) Genes a and b are on different chromosomes

c)Genes a and b are on the same chromosome, and 67 map units apart

d) One cannot tell if genes a and b are on the same or different chromosomes from given data.

PART4 If two genes a and b are 8.3 m.u. a part, one expects to find

a) 8.3% recombinant gametes from a double heterozygous parent

b) 91.7% recombinant gametes from a double heterozygous parent

c) A chiasma between the a and b loci in 8.3% of the meiosis

d) A chiasma between the a and b loci in 91.7% of the meiosis.

PART5 Map distances are most accurate when genes are closely linked because as genes become further apart,

a) They always show independent assortment

b)The chance of multiple crossovers increases

c) They no longer recombine

d) There is chiasma interference

PART6 In a three-point testcross, the most frequent classes of progeny were ABc and abC. The less frequent classes of progeny were AbC and aBc. Which gene is in the middle?

a) Aa

b) B/b

c)C/c

d) It is not possible to tell from just these data

PART7 In a three-point testcross with 100 progeny, there were 16 single crossovers between genes A and B, 29 single crossovers between genes B and C, and 4 double crossovers. The correct gene order was determined to be A-B-C. What is the map distance between A and B?

a) 20%

b) 0.2 m.u

c) 20 m.u.

d) 16 m.u.

e) 29 m.u.

f) 16%

What is a genome? What is a genome made of? Describe the bacterial genome. How do bacteria reproduce? What is binary fission? Distinguish between a chromosome and chromatin. Where are chromosomes located in eukaryotic cells? What is the chromosome made of? What is a centromere? What is the centromere's role? What are sister chromatids and how do they arise? Distinguish between somatic cells and germ (gametes) cells. Describe the cell cycle. What are the different phases? What occurs during S phase? What is interphase? How is the cell cycle controlled?

Describe mitosis. What are the phases of mitosis? What occurs in each of the phases of mitosis? What is cytokinesis? How does this differ between plant and animal cells? What is a kinetochore? Where does it form? What is its role? What is the role of microtubules in mitosis? What is a centriole and what is it composed of? What is a centrosome and what is its role in mitosis? What is the metaphase plate and why is this important? What is the mitotic spindle, its role and its makeup? What defines a diploid cell? How many copies of each chromosome is in a diploid cell? What about a haploid cell? Why do the daughter cells of mitosis always have the same complement of chromosomes?

Describe meiosis. What are the phases of meiosis? What occurs in each of the phases of meiosis? Distinguish between meiosis I and meiosis II and describe how each of these processes compare to mitosis. Why do animal cells undergo meiosis? What is a gamete? What is a zygote? What are recombination, crossing-over, and chiasma? When and why does this occur? What is meant by 'homologous pair of chromosomes'? Why don't the daughter cells of meiosis have the same genetic makeup? What controls the segregation of chromosomes into the gametes?

What are genetic characters? What are genetic traits? What is an allele? What is a locus? How many alleles at each locus would a human cell have and why? Distinguish between genotype and phenotype. What is meant by a dominant gene? What is meant by a recessive gene? How do these differ? What is the genotype of a homozygous dominant organism? What is its phenotype? What is the genotype of a homozygous recessive organism? What is its phenotype? What is the genotype of a heterozygous organism? What is its phenotype? What is a genetic cross? Distinguish between the P, F1, and F2 generations. What is a true-breeding line? What is the genotype and phenotype of a cross between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive parents? If the F1 progeny are crossed, what would be the genotype and phenotype of the F2 generation? What would be the phenotypic ratio? What would be the genotypic ratio? Be ready to generate Punnet square tests or probability analyses of crosses involving more than one genetic locus. Describe a dihybrid cross where two alleles are homozygous dominant in one parent and homozygous recessive in the other. What would be the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation from this dihybrid cross? What is meant by independent assortment? Be prepared to calculate probabilities resulting from different crosses.

Distinguish between complete and incomplete dominance. How would incomplete dominance alter the results of a hybrid cross? What would the resulting F2 generation phenotype and genotype ratios be? What is codominance? How does this affect the results of crosses? Be prepared to determine likely blood types of parents based on the blood types of their offspring. What is a polygenic trait? What is a carrier state for a genetic disease? What is meant by linked genes? How does this affect expected outcomes of genetic crosses? How is gene linkage used for chromosomal mapping? Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes. What sex chromosomes are found in women? What sex chromosomes are found in men? What are sex-linked traits? Be prepared to give the results of crosses that involve sex-linked recessive traits. What is the process of nondisjunction? What are the likely results? Why is this important? What is a Barr body? Recognize the genetic abnormality of Downs Syndrome, Turner's Syndrome, and Klinefelter's Syndrome.

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___1. Nationally, the most common cause of Down Syndrome is
a. nondisjunction of Chromosome 21 during meiosis
b. translocation of Chromosome 21 onto another chromosome
c. inversion of a large section of Chromosome 21
d. deletion of the Down Syndrome gene
___2. In humans, sex is determined by
a. The presence or absence of the Y chromosome
b. The ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes
c. The temperature during fetal development
d. Which parent is stronger at the time of conception
___3. A translocation is
a. a chromosomal abnormality in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome
b. an abnormality in which the chromosomes are translocated out of the nucleus
c. a condition in which the chromosome has broken in two places and come back together with the middle segment backward
d. an abnormality in which there is an extra copy of one chromosome
___ 4. In snapdragons, a red-flowered plant crossed with a white-flowered plant produces all pink-flowered offspring. But crossing two pink-flowered plants produces red, pink, and white in a 1:2:1 ratio. This is a good example of
a. Incomplete dominance
b. Dominance of the red allele over the white allele
c. Lethal effects of the pink allele
d. Sex-linkage of the flower-color alleles
___ 5. If a person with type AB blood marries a person with Type O blood, what blood types are possible in their children? (Assume this trait is a single-gene trait, not complicated by interaction with other genes).
a. A, B, AB, or O
b. A or B only
c. AB or O only
d. AB only 2
___6. In what phase of meiosis are haploid nuclei first formed? a. Anaphase I b. Metaphase II c. Telophase II d. Metaphase I e. Telophase I
___7. What is the phenotype of a heterozygous tall pea plant? a. tall b. Tt c. TT d. tt e. dominant
___ 8. If genes A and B are far apart on a chromosome, and A and C are close together, which of the following observations is expected?
a. Crossing over will occur more often between A and C than between A and B
b. Crossing over will occur at equal frequencies between A and C, and between A and B
c. Crossing over will occur more often between A and B than between A and C
___9. Sometimes an organismâs genotype for one gene masks the effect of a different gene. This phenomenon is called
a. Dominance
b. Incomplete dominance
c. Co-dominance
d. Epistasis
e. Variable expressivity
___10. The dominant allele of a gene is
a. The one that is expressed most often in a population
b. The one that is expressed most often in any particular cross
c. The one that is expressed in an individual that has two different alleles
d. The one that is most healthy to have, that gives the greatest fitness
___11. In human cells, DNA replication occurs
a. In S phase of interphase
b. In G1 phase of interphase
c. In G2 phase of interphase
d. In prophase of mitosis
e. Whenever the cell needs to read the DNA to make proteins
___ 12. A process in which recipient cells take up genes from DNA molecules floating free in the surrounding medium is called
a. conjugation
b. specialized transduction
c. generalized transduction
d. transformation 3
___ 13. Most calico cats are female. However, a few rare males are observed. What is the genotype of a male calico cat?
a. X BX 0
b. X OY
c. X BY
d. X BYY
e. X BX OY
___ 14. A type of red-green color-blindness is a sex-linked (X-linked) recessive trait in humans. Can a woman have this type of color-blindness?
a. Yes, a woman could be color-blind if her mother and father were both heterozygous.
b. Yes, a woman could be color-blind but only if she has an abnormal number of sex chromosomes.
c. No, women can't show sex-linked traits because they lack a Y chromosome.
d. No, women can't show sex-linked traits because they have two X chromosomes.
e. Yes, a woman could be color-blind if her father was color-blind and her mother was a carrier (heterozygous).

BIOLOGY 283 Chapter Notes - Chapter 6.1: Euchromatin, Heterochromatin, Zygosity

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