HUMB1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Synovial Joint, Perichondrium, Osteon

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12 Jun 2018

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Areolar

• subcutaneous layer and

around organs.

• numerous blood vessels

• scattered fibroblasts

Reticular

• forms stroma (a

connective tissue

framework) of lymph

nodes, spleen, thymus

and bone marrow

• composed of a network

of branched collagen

fibres, scattered

fibroblasts and

leukocytes

Adipose

• found in subcutaneous

tissue and around some

organs

• composed of closely-

packed adipocytes

Hyaline

• found on the articular surfaced of

synovial joints; also forms the

cartilage of the larynx, trachea, and

nose.

• chondrocytes in lacunae scattered in

matrix

• collagen fibrils in matrix

• has perichondrium, a dense irregular

connective tissue sheath

Elastic

• found in the external ear and the

epiglottis

• abundant elastic fibres, forms a web-

like mesh around lacunae that contain

chondrocytes

• has a perichondrium

Fibrocartilage

• found in intervertebral discs, pubis

symphysis, and the menisci of the

knee joint

• contains numerous irregular bundles

of collagen fibres

• sparse ground substance contains

chondrocytes within lacunae arranged

in parallel rows

• does not have perichondrium

Compact

• forms hard, outer shell of bones

• concentric rings of bones called

lamellae form cylindrical

structures – osteons

• each osteon has a central canal

that connects to a network of tiny

branching passageways called

canaliculi

• the central canal and canaliculi

contain blood vessels.

• osteocytes or mature bone cells

occupy lacunae, small spaces

between neighbouring lamellae

Spongy

• also known as cancellous bone,

usually forms inside of bones

• does not contain osteons

• slender bone plates called

trabeculae form a bony network

• space between trabeculae contain

marrow and blood vessels

• osteocytes are scattered

throughout the trabeculae

• combination of compact and

spongy bone allows bone to be

both strong and lightweight

Components:

❖ cells

❖ protein fibres

❖ ground substance

Protein fibres and ground

substance form the extracellular

matrix.

Functions:

❖ structural support

❖ binds organs of the body

❖ fat storage

❖ exchange of nutrients and

metabolic waste

❖ defence and protection

Regular

• forms tendons and most

ligaments

• composed of densely packed,

parallel collagen fibres with

fibroblasts between the layer

• little ground substance

Regular

• found in the dermis, periosteum

and perichondrium, and the

capsule of organs

• composed predominantly of

randomly arranged collagen

fibres with fibroblasts

interspersed

• more ground substance than

regular connective tissue

Elastic

• found in walls of elastic arteries,

trachea and bronchi, and the

vocal cords

• composed of branching elastic

fibres, with fibroblasts in some

spaces between the fibres

o elastic fibres formed by

the protein elastin

Blood

• Erythrocytes (red

blood cells)

• Leukocytes (white

blood cells)

• Platelets

• watery ground

substance of blood

contains dissolved

protein fibres

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Document Summary

Protein fibres and ground substance form the extracellular matrix. Elastic subcutaneous layer and around organs. numerous blood vessels scattered fibroblasts. Reticular forms stroma (a connective tissue framework) of lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow composed of a network of branched collagen fibres, scattered fibroblasts and leukocytes. Adipose found in subcutaneous tissue and around some organs composed of closely- packed adipocytes forms tendons and most ligaments composed of densely packed, parallel collagen fibres with fibroblasts between the layer little ground substance. Regular found in the dermis, periosteum and perichondrium, and the capsule of organs composed predominantly of randomly arranged collagen fibres with fibroblasts interspersed: more ground substance than regular connective tissue.

Related Questions

5. Fats A. Chemical digestion of lipids occurs primarily in the small intestine. Before enzymes can break down fats like triglycerides (the most common type of fat in our foods), they must undergo emulsification. Describe the process of emulsification. Name the substance which performs this job. Name the organ that synthesizes this substance. Name the organ which stores and concentrates this substance. How does this substance get into the duodenum of the small intestine? B. After fats are emulsified, they are chemically digested. What is the general name for enzymes which digest fats? Name all of the organs which synthesize and secrete this enzyme into the digestive tract. C. Cholesterol is a type of fat. Why is it important to have some cholesterol in our diets? Why is it important not to have too much cholesterol in our diets?

6. Waste Production A. The large intestine AKA colon is the digestive organ which produces feces. Starting with the cecum and ending with the anus, name ALL parts of the large intestine in order. B. How does the large intestine convert liquid waste from the small intestine into solid waste to be eliminated from the body? C. Name 5 components of fecal matter. NOTE that the small intestine absorbs ALL of the digestible carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in our diets; thus, these nutrients must NOT be in your list.

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The glucose used by the neurons for ATP production comes from:

a) Nutrients absorbed from digestion and glucose produced by the liver.

b)The breakdown of fat in adipose tissue and glycogen in muscle tissue.

c)Only Nutrients absorbed from digestion.

d)Only gluconeogenesis in the liver.

What can receptors detect?

a)Loss of homeostasis

b)Loss of homeostasis and a return to homeostasis.

c) A return to homeostasis.

d)Need for medical attention.

Which of the following is not a role of the skeletal system in maintenance of homeostasis?

a) Calcium Storage

b) Protection

c) Support

d) Phosphorous storage

What controls blood pressure in your body?

a) The hypothalamus

b) pituitary gland.

c) medulla oblongata

d) all of the above

What increases blood pressure?

a) Decreased heart rate.

b) Decreased blood vessel resistance

c) Increased blood volume

d) all of the above

What ends a hormonal response to increase blood pressure?

a) Low blood pressure

b) High blood pressure

c) A return to homeostasis.

d) Low blood pressure and a return to homeostasis.

Food that we consume is composed of very complex molecules. During the digestive process these compounds are broken down into smaller and smaller subunits in preparation for use by the body as building blocks needed for the many components of the human body.

The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tsoâs Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, âmoves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take placeâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, âIt produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the bodyâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tsoâs contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chickenâs proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tsoâs is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum.

1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

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HUMB1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Synovial Joint, Perichondrium, Osteon

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