BIOL 201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Fumaric Acid, Acid Dissociation Constant, Nadh Dehydrogenase

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31 Jan 2018

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Cellular respiration stage iii: the electron transport chain. Glucose has been fully converted to co2, nadh and atp through glycolysis and the tca cycle. We captured all the high energy molecules in nadh and we need to use them to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane: acidification of intermembrane space, proton gradient is used in stage iv to synthesise atp. The electron transport chain (etc) converts the energy of captured electrons in nadh to an electrochemical h+ gradient for atp synthesis: 4 complexes of etc: main machinery for the etc. There is also complex ii (not shown) In the meantime, h+ are shuttled up into the ims. These are organometallic clusters which have a metal which is able to temporarily hold electrons. Iron clusters and prosthetic groups in outer orbitals. Electrons pass through metals" outer orbitals into the outer orbitals of other metals.

Related Questions

Which of the following is a substrate or component of complex IV:

a. FMN

b. CuB

c. oxidized cytochrome c

d. Fe-S protein.

F₀F₁ ATP synthase:

a. has a c-ring that can only be made of 8-subunits

b. requires 12 protons to make 3 ATP in all mammalian tissues.

c. converts an electrochemical gradient into mechanical energy to drive the removal of ATP from its active site.

d. None of the above.

Throughout the course we discussed the impact that the removal of oxygen would have on cellular metabolism during strenuous exercise and in this last unit applied it to mitochondrial metabolism. Given these discussions we can say that anaerobic conditions:

a. lead to the reduction of each complex in the electron transport chain

b. lead to the accumulation of NADH in the matrix of the mitochondria.

c. lead to a diminished activity of ATP synthase.

d. All of the above.

The addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) to a suspension of mitochondria in which an inhibitor of ATP synthase is present along with the reduced electron carrier succinate will cause which of the following to occur?

a. Proton flow from the N to P-side via complex II.

b. The concentration of NADH to increase in the matrix due to subsequent inhibition of the electron transport chain.

c. Increased rate of oxygen reduction.

d. Decreased flux through complex III.

taupemosquito193

Why does an electron have lower potential energy in an H-O bondthan in an O=O bond?

H has a higher electronegativity than O.

O=O is not stable.

O=O contains a double bond.

The electrons are closer to the oxygen atom in the H-O bond.

None of the answers are correct.

How is the energy from the electron transport chain used mostdirectly?

to form the bonds of a water molecule

to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial inner membraneinto the mitochondrial intermembrane space

to join ADP with a phosphate

to decompose glucose into pyruvate

to rotate ATP synthase

Which process provides the energy needed to pump protons acrossthe mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation?

the transfer of electrons in redox reactions

the breakdown of ATP to ADP

the rotation of the ATP synthase rotor

oxidation of isocitrate

None of the answers are correct.

What causes the ATP synthase rotor to spin?

the passing of electrons through ATP synthase

the movement of protons across the mitochondrial membrane

the movement of electrons across the mitochondrial membrane

the synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphate group

None of the answers are correct.

What of the following generates the proton-motive force duringoxidative phosphorylation?

buildup of NADH molecules at protein complex I

movement of H⁺ ions across the mitochondrial membraneduring electron transport

rotation of the ATP synthase rotor

joining of H⁺ ions with oxygen to form water

None of the answers are correct.

Suppose a microorganism invades a cell, causing damage to ATPsynthase. How would cellular respiration be affected?

Electrons could not be passed down the electron transportchain.

ADP could not be joined with a phosphate to form ATP.

Hydrogen ions could not be pumped into the mitochondrialintermembrane space.

The cell could not release any energy from the glucosemolecule.

Glucose could not be broken down into pyruvate.

Which molecules transport electrons from the citric acid cycleto the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH₂

ATP and ADP

GTP and GDP

oxaloacetate and citric acid

None of the answers are correct.

Which type of reactions control the energy release from glucoseduring the citric acid cycle?

acid-base reactions

redox reactions

random reactions

All answers are correct.

None of the answers are correct.

What is the role of NAD⁺ in cellular respiration?

to receive electrons from the citric acid cycle and deliver themto the electron transport chain

to catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP

to accumulate in the mitochondrial intermembrane space tofacilitate ATP synthesis

to serve as a substrate to bind to acetyl-CoA at the beginningof the citric acid cycle

None of the answers are correct.

10.

Which molecule enters the citric acid cycle?

glucose

pyruvate

ATP

acetyl-CoA

None of the answers are correct.

apricotgoose897

Q1:

Enzymes are essential for the conversion of organic molecules in biochemical pathways. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Enzymes reduce the activation energy of chemical reactions.

Enzymes are catalysts and appear unchanged at the end of the reaction.

Enzymes change the equilibrium of a reaction.

Enzymes form a complex with the substrate.

Enzymes facilitate both the conversion of substrates into products and of products into substrates.

Q2:

NADH and NADPH are important energy carriers in biochemical pathways. Which of the following statements about these compounds is incorrect?

NADP+ is reduced by two electrons (involving 2 protons) from photosystem I to form NADPH + H+.

NADH is produced both during glycolysis and in the TCA cycle.

NADH feeds electrons into the respiratory chain of mitcohondria, which are ultimately used to form water.

In the absence of oxygen NADH produced during glycolysis is reoxidised by formation of lactate from pyruvate or by formation of ethanol from acetaldehyde (fermentation).

The majority of NADH produced during oxidation of glucose (in the presence of oxygen) is generated during glycolysis.

Q3:

The respiratory chain converts the reducing power of NADH into the production of ATP. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Electrons are passed through the respiratory chain in a way to optimise the production of heat.

The complexes of the respiratory chain use the energy of redox reactions to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The ATP synthase uses the protonmotive force to synthesize ATP.

The principle of energy conversion by respiratory chain and ATP synthase is called âchemiosmosisâ.

The electrons from NADH are passed along the respiratory chain in a number of redox reactions mostly involving complexes

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BIOL 201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Fumaric Acid, Acid Dissociation Constant, Nadh Dehydrogenase

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