HIST 236 Lecture 16: Lecture 16 - Imperial Russia in Exile
19 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Failures and Retreat
The Whites' forced were broken by late 1919 and by 1920
they were in retreat
They did not know what they were fighting for
○
They were all opposed to Bolshevism
○
-
The end of the Civil war is hard to date; it may go as late as
1926
-
As the Whites' fortunes changed many Russians began to
flee the country
-
White generals played an active role in their evacuation
-
Russian Refugees
Around 2 million people became refugees as a result of the
Civil War, revolutions and WWI
-
Members of the Provisional Government and former Tsarist
government officials fled, as well as nobles, businessmen,
professionals and many ordinary people
-
Emigration was chaotic and uncertain, with m any leaving
with few possessions or documents
-
Alexander Kerensky tries to attack the Bolsheviks (head of
the PG)
-
New states have been created at the end of WWI at the
edge of Russia's borders
Poland is now a state again and so is Latvia
○
-
Priests also fled (made $ from peasants in the Bolsheviks
perspective)
-
Going via the Black Sea region
-
Deprivation of Citizenship and Statelessness
The Soviet government deprived Russian emigres of their
citizenship rending them stateless
-
International charities like Red Cross took up their cause
-
The league of nations created a high commissioner for
Russia refugees, Fridtjof Nansen
-
White Russian emigres were given Nansen passports; these
were their identity documents but had no protections of
citizenship
-
Cossacks agree to return
-
Other people ask for political asylum and refuse to go back
to the Soviet Union
-
Passports are identity papers but are not proof of
citizenship
-
Refugees set up their own white Russian communities in
exile
Main routes of emigration were the Balkans and
China
Entered Shanghai because it was a free port
and didn't need passports to enter
§
○
-
Russian Communities Abroad
Many settles at least temporarily in Constantinople and the
Balkans, as well as China
-
Some moved onto Western Europe and eventually the US
-
Life in exile was a big step down for many White Russians,
especially the nobility
-
They were often impoverished and unemployed and did not
speak local languages
-
They sought to preserve their cultural traditions in exile
-
Many people had to find jobs which was not easy when
they did not speak the language
Fear of White Russian women being drawn into
slavery in Asia (because they were vulnerable)
○
-
Try to keep the Russian Orthodox church alive
-
The Russian Church Abroad: Historical Context
988 Baptism of Grand Prince Vladimir
-
15th century Russian church gains independence from
Constantinople
-
16th century, Patriarchate of Moscow established
-
1700: Peter I replaced the Patriarchate with the Holy Sinode
-
All Russian Council 1917-18
March 15, 1917 - Nicholas II abdicates
-
August, 1917, All Russian council conveined in Moscow
-
Metropolitan Anthony Khrapovitsky wins the majority of
the votes
-
Tikhon Belavin draws the winning lot, becoming the first
Patriarch of Moscow in centuries
-
Patriarche was elected by those from the council
Drawing lots
○
-
Persecution of the Church
The Bolsheviks viewed the church as an enemy of the state
-
January 23, 1918, Lenin declares seperation of Church and
state
-
February 19, 1918, The church is deprived of Real estate
-
Bishops were murdered, thousands of clergy were
imprisoned or killed, laymen were killed for participating in
religious activities
-
The Russian Church Abroad
May 1919, Temporary higher church administration
established by Khrapovitsky
-
1921, first all dispora council convened in sremski karlovci
-
Council calls for continued resistance against the Soviet
Regime, liberation of the homeland and restoration of the
Romanov dynasty
-
Khrapovitsky was the head of all Russian churches that
were found outside of Russia
-
The Russian Church in Canada
1923, Konavalov, a white army veteran, arrives in Montreal
-
In 1926, he creates his own parish under the auspices of
Khrapovitsky's synod
-
1930, Skorodumov arris in Monreal to serve the newly
created diocese of the Russian Church abroad
-
Missionary activity in Canada
Konavalov and Skorodumov created a prallel Russian
Orthodox diocese in Canada
-
In competition with a preexisitng diocese under the
leadership of Archbishop Arsenii Chagovtsov
-
In 1931,
-
Saint Nicholas Cathedral Montreal
Saint Nicholas Cathedral served as a community center for
Russian emigres
-
In 1937, Parish school founded in honour of Pushkin,
offered a curriculum of catechism, Russian history,
language and literatrure
-
The parish served as a place for russian emigres to maintain
cultural and religious ties
-
Significance of the Russian church abroad
Saint Nicholas cathedral serves as an example of larger
trends in the Russian church abroad
-
Diocese and parish were established wherever white
emigres settles
-
They served as a religious and cultural centers for white
Russians in the diaspora, allowed them to practice their
religion and preserve their traditions
-
What united everyone was their anti-communism (no
longer able to return to Russia)
-
Temporarily settled because they thought that the
Bolshevik regime was not going to last
Set up charities, kept their ranks in exile including
generals
○
-
Prompted a reflection about what went wrong in Russia
and why Russia did not have a liberal democratic revolution
-
Regret, revisionism and anti-communism
Hundreds of the Bolsheviks united many White Russians
-
Because there were so many intellectuals among htem,
they produced a number of works analyzing what went
wrong in Russia
-
Milyukov, Keresnky, Tyrkova-Williams and others argued
that Russia was moving in a liberal democratic direction
before the Bolsheviks seized power
-
They helped to shape attitudes toward the Soviet
government in the West and in the Cold War
-
People hated Alexander Keresnky the most
In many people's opinion, he was the one who let the
whole thing fall apart
○
Argues that Lenin was a German spy
○
When he died in the US, the orthodox church refused
to give him a funeral so he had to be flown to Britain
○
-
Influenced foreign opinions of the Soviet Union
-
Lecture 16 - Imperial Russia in Exile
Wednesday, February 21, 2018
11:33 AM
Failures and Retreat
The Whites' forced were broken by late 1919 and by 1920
they were in retreat
They did not know what they were fighting for
○
They were all opposed to Bolshevism
○
-
The end of the Civil war is hard to date; it may go as late as
1926
-
As the Whites' fortunes changed many Russians began to
flee the country
-
White generals played an active role in their evacuation
-
Russian Refugees
Around 2 million people became refugees as a result of the
Civil War, revolutions and WWI
-
Members of the Provisional Government and former Tsarist
government officials fled, as well as nobles, businessmen,
professionals and many ordinary people
-
Emigration was chaotic and uncertain, with m any leaving
with few possessions or documents
-
Alexander Kerensky tries to attack the Bolsheviks (head of
the PG)
-
New states have been created at the end of WWI at the
edge of Russia's borders
Poland is now a state again and so is Latvia
○
-
Priests also fled (made $ from peasants in the Bolsheviks
perspective)
-
Going via the Black Sea region
-
Deprivation of Citizenship and Statelessness
The Soviet government deprived Russian emigres of their
citizenship rending them stateless
-
International charities like Red Cross took up their cause
-
The league of nations created a high commissioner for
Russia refugees, Fridtjof Nansen
-
White Russian emigres were given Nansen passports; these
were their identity documents but had no protections of
citizenship
-
Cossacks agree to return
-
Other people ask for political asylum and refuse to go back
to the Soviet Union
-
Passports are identity papers but are not proof of
citizenship
-
Refugees set up their own white Russian communities in
exile
Main routes of emigration were the Balkans and
China
Entered Shanghai because it was a free port
and didn't need passports to enter
§
○
-
Russian Communities Abroad
Many settles at least temporarily in Constantinople and the
Balkans, as well as China
-
Some moved onto Western Europe and eventually the US
-
Life in exile was a big step down for many White Russians,
especially the nobility
-
They were often impoverished and unemployed and did not
speak local languages
-
They sought to preserve their cultural traditions in exile
-
Many people had to find jobs which was not easy when
they did not speak the language
Fear of White Russian women being drawn into
slavery in Asia (because they were vulnerable)
○
-
Try to keep the Russian Orthodox church alive
-
The Russian Church Abroad: Historical Context
988 Baptism of Grand Prince Vladimir
-
15th century Russian church gains independence from
Constantinople
-
16th century, Patriarchate of Moscow established
-
1700: Peter I replaced the Patriarchate with the Holy Sinode
-
All Russian Council 1917-18
March 15, 1917 - Nicholas II abdicates
-
August, 1917, All Russian council conveined in Moscow
-
Metropolitan Anthony Khrapovitsky wins the majority of
the votes
-
Tikhon Belavin draws the winning lot, becoming the first
Patriarch of Moscow in centuries
-
Patriarche was elected by those from the council
Drawing lots
○
-
Persecution of the Church
The Bolsheviks viewed the church as an enemy of the state
-
January 23, 1918, Lenin declares seperation of Church and
state
-
February 19, 1918, The church is deprived of Real estate
-
Bishops were murdered, thousands of clergy were
imprisoned or killed, laymen were killed for participating in
religious activities
-
The Russian Church Abroad
May 1919, Temporary higher church administration
established by Khrapovitsky
-
1921, first all dispora council convened in sremski karlovci
-
Council calls for continued resistance against the Soviet
Regime, liberation of the homeland and restoration of the
Romanov dynasty
-
Khrapovitsky was the head of all Russian churches that
were found outside of Russia
-
The Russian Church in Canada
1923, Konavalov, a white army veteran, arrives in Montreal
-
In 1926, he creates his own parish under the auspices of
Khrapovitsky's synod
-
1930, Skorodumov arris in Monreal to serve the newly
created diocese of the Russian Church abroad
-
Missionary activity in Canada
Konavalov and Skorodumov created a prallel Russian
Orthodox diocese in Canada
-
In competition with a preexisitng diocese under the
leadership of Archbishop Arsenii Chagovtsov
-
In 1931,
-
Saint Nicholas Cathedral Montreal
Saint Nicholas Cathedral served as a community center for
Russian emigres
-
In 1937, Parish school founded in honour of Pushkin,
offered a curriculum of catechism, Russian history,
language and literatrure
-
The parish served as a place for russian emigres to maintain
cultural and religious ties
-
Significance of the Russian church abroad
Saint Nicholas cathedral serves as an example of larger
trends in the Russian church abroad
-
Diocese and parish were established wherever white
emigres settles
-
They served as a religious and cultural centers for white
Russians in the diaspora, allowed them to practice their
religion and preserve their traditions
-
What united everyone was their anti-communism (no
longer able to return to Russia)
-
Temporarily settled because they thought that the
Bolshevik regime was not going to last
Set up charities, kept their ranks in exile including
generals
○
-
Prompted a reflection about what went wrong in Russia
and why Russia did not have a liberal democratic revolution
-
Regret, revisionism and anti-communism
Hundreds of the Bolsheviks united many White Russians
-
Because there were so many intellectuals among htem,
they produced a number of works analyzing what went
wrong in Russia
-
Milyukov, Keresnky, Tyrkova-Williams and others argued
that Russia was moving in a liberal democratic direction
before the Bolsheviks seized power
-
They helped to shape attitudes toward the Soviet
government in the West and in the Cold War
-
People hated Alexander Keresnky the most
In many people's opinion, he was the one who let the
whole thing fall apart
○
Argues that Lenin was a German spy
○
When he died in the US, the orthodox church refused
to give him a funeral so he had to be flown to Britain
○
-
Influenced foreign opinions of the Soviet Union
-
Lecture 16 - Imperial Russia in Exile
Wednesday, February 21, 2018 11:33 AM
Document Summary
The whites" forced were broken by late 1919 and by 1920 they were in retreat. They did not know what they were fighting for. The end of the civil war is hard to date; it may go as late as. As the whites" fortunes changed many russians began to flee the country. White generals played an active role in their evacuation. Around 2 million people became refugees as a result of the. Members of the provisional government and former tsarist government officials fled, as well as nobles, businessmen, professionals and many ordinary people. Emigration was chaotic and uncertain, with m any leaving with few possessions or documents. Alexander kerensky tries to attack the bolsheviks (head of the pg) New states have been created at the end of wwi at the edge of russia"s borders. Poland is now a state again and so is latvia. Priests also fled (made $ from peasants in the bolsheviks perspective)
