BIOCHEM 2EE3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Ketogenic Amino Acid, Blood Sugar, Exercise Intensity

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indigohornet100

16 Apr 2018

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The reason that we consume food is to provide fuel to our body to synthesize energy in the form of atp. Macronutrients provide fuel to the cells for energy production. Carbohydrates (which polysaccharide like starch that are broken down to glucose) Then to carbon dioxide through the tca cycle. The reducing equivalents nadh and fadh2 are generated from these processes. Then converted to atp through the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Broken down from triacylglycerol to free glycerol and fatty acids. The glycerol will feed into glycolysis, the fatty acids will be broken down to acetyl-coa through beta-oxidation. The acetyl-coa will then feed intro the tca cycle, just as acetyl-coa derived from pyruvate does. Again, the reducing equivalents that are generated from beta-oxidation and the. Tca cycle are converted to atp through etc and oxidative phosphorylation. Broken down to individual amino acids, and will feed into the above pathways, depending on the amino acid.

Related Questions

Activated fatty acids then enter into the Î²-oxidation pathway where fatty acids are broken down into AcetylCoA molecules.

(a) Lauric acid has 12 carbons. How many acetyl CoA molecules will be produced from 1 molecule of lauric acid?

(b) What other (and how many?) energy storage molecules (NADH, etc.) are produced along with the Acetyl CoA molecules during Î²-oxidation of lauric acid?

(c) Assuming the theoretical P:O ratio present in mammalian mitochondria, how many ATP would be produced from the Î²-oxidation of lauric acid? Show ALL of your work explaining how each of the products from Î²-oxidation lead to ATP.

1)Pyruvate is one of the products of glycolysis that can be used by aerobic organisms to extract additional energy. Explain what happens to pyruvate after glycolysis, name the multi-enzyme complex that catalyzes this reaction, and name the cycle that the product feeds into.

2)Suppose you start with 1 molecule of glucose and go through glycolysis to produce 2 molecules of pyruvate. These 2 molecules of pyruvate are then converted into acetyl CoA which then go through the TCA cycle. Theoretically, how many total ATP can be formed through this process? (Account for NADH/FADH₂ produced). Show where each molecule of ATP is generated from.

3)Name the five types of membrane-bound electron carriers. All of the redox centers within the respiratory chain that accept and donate electrons are prosthetic groups except which?

4)Peroxisomes are the site of what? What properties do peroxisomes share with mitochondria?

Under normal conditions, healthy heart cells (cardiac myocytes)prefer fatty acids as their fuel which ultimately results in energy being generated from oxidative phosphorylation through the electron transport chain. We will talk about how fatty acids are oxidatively metabolized in lecture 10. The condition ischemic cardiomyopathy is a result of narrowing of heart arteries which leads to decreased blood flow and a decrease in oxygen delivery to the muscle cells of the heart. In the ischemic heart, metabolism shifts from fatty acid oxidation to glucose metabolism via glycolysis to generate ATP and supply energy needs. a) Please explain why the ischemic heart shifts from energy generated by fatty acids to energy generated by glucose. b) In the ischemic heart, an increase in glycolysis is not associated with an increase in glycolytic enzyme expression. What is the general means by which the increase in glycolysis is mediated if it is not via an increase in enzyme expression? c) In ischemic cardiomyopathy, the decreased blood flow to the heart results in a decrease in blood glucose moving through hart arteries. Given that glycolysis is increased in the ischemic heart, discuss two potential ways that heart cells can acutely (in a rapid time period) increase glucose levels to supply the increased demand for glycolysis.

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BIOCHEM 2EE3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Ketogenic Amino Acid, Blood Sugar, Exercise Intensity

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