BIOCHEM 2EE3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Insulin Receptor, Signal Transduction, Thyroid Hormones
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Document Summary
Refers to reception of an environmental stimulus by a cell leading to metabolic change that adapts the cell to that stimulus. Hormones can activate or inhibit released by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream. Whether the receptor is inside the cell or on the surface. Example: the action of glucagon in stimulating glycogenolysis in the liver. Due to density of glucagon receptors on the surface of liver cells. Not all hormone actions involve a second messenger, but second messengers help transmit the message to the target metabolic pathway. Chemical nature of hormones and other signalling agents. Amino acid derivatives - catecholamines; epinephrine and thyroxine - derived from tyrosine. Hormonal mechanisms include: (1) enzyme activation or inhibition via second messengers (2) stimulation of the synthesis of target proteins through activating certain genes (3) selective increases in the cellular uptake of certain metabolites. Hormone binding can cause a conformational change that opens channels.