SOCIOL 3HH3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Network Ten, Social Exclusion, Natural Environment
9 Nov 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
What%Makes%People%Healthy?
Healthy%lifestyle%promotion
Focus&on&personal&behaviours
○
Trifecta:&don't&smoke/drink,&eat&well,&exercise
○
1.
The%social%determinants%of%health%(SDOH)
The&circumstances&in&which&people&are&born,&grow&up,&live,&work,&and&age,&and&the&systems&put&in&place&
to&deal&with&illness
○
The&economic&and&social&conditions&that&shape&the&health&of&people&and&communities
Typically&beyond&the&control&of&the&individual&
§
The&primary&determinants&of&whether&people&are&healthy&or&ill
§
Determine&the&extent&to&which&someone&has&the&physical,&social,&and&personal&resources&to&
identify&and&achieve&their&aspirations
§
The&types&of&resources&we&make&available&to&our&citizens&through&our&communities
§
○
2.
What%are%the%SDOH?
Income&and&income&distribution
1.
Education
2.
Unemployment&and&job&security
3.
Employment&and&working&conditions
4.
Early&childhood&development
5.
Food&insecurity
6.
Housing
7.
Social&exclusion
8.
Social&safety&network
9.
Health&services
10.
Aboriginal&status
11.
Gender
12.
Race
13.
Disability&
14.
The&Traditional&Ten&Tips&for&Better&Health
Don't&smoke.&If&you&can,&stop.&If&you&can't,&cut&down1.
Follow&a&balanced&diet&with&plenty&of&fruit&and&veggies2.
Keep&physically&active3.
Manage&stress4.
Drink&alcohol&in&moderation5.
Cover&up&in&the&sun6.
Practice&safer&sex7.
Take&up&cancer&screening&opportunities8.
Be&safe&on&the&roads9.
Learns&the&First&Aid&ABCs:&airways,&breathing,&circulation10.
The&SDOH&10&Tips&for&Better&Health
Don't&be&poor1.
Don't&have&poor&parents2.
Own&a&car3.
Don't&work&in&stressful,&low&paid&manual&job4.
Don't&live&in&damp,&low&quality&housing5.
Be&able&to&afford&to&go&on&foreign&holiday&and&sunbathe6.
Practice¬&losing&your&job&and&don't&become&unemployed7.
Take&up&all&benefits&you're&entitled&to,&if&you're&unemployed,&retired,&sick,&or&disabled8.
Don't&live&next&to&a&busy&major&road&or&near&a&polluting&factory9.
Learn&how&to&fill&in&the&complex&housing&benefit/asylum&application&forms&before&you&become&homeless&and&
destitute
10.
The&Major&Determinants&of&Health&Status:&An&Overview&of&Four&Factors
-LaLond&Report:&factors&affecting&our&health&include&four&major&determinants
Human%biology
Health&affected&by&geneticsa.
1.
Lifestyle%behaviour
Health&behaviours&are&part&of&a&complex&lifestyle&that&affects&our&health&statusa.
Personal&health&practices&aimed&at&protecting&health&contribute&to&good&health,&while&other&personal&
practices&contribute&to&ill&health&-BUT,&healthy&lifestyles&is&only&a&small&part&of&the&answer
b.
2.
Environment
Two&environments&affect&health:&physical&and&social
Physical:&the&natural&environment&and&the&built&environment
Natural'environment□
Built'environment shape&the&health&of&a&population&living&in&that&environment□
i.
Social:&made&up&of&social&structures,&has&a&strong&influence&on&our&health&status
Higher&SES&=&better&health;&better&resources,&access,&benefits,&etc.□
Unemployment&hurts&health:&leads&to&resource&deprivation,&greater&psychological&stress,&
lowers&self-esteem,&leads&to&poor&coping&strategies&
□
Employment&also&has&negative&impacts&on&health□
ii.
a.
Second&and&third&hand&smokeb.
3.
Use%of%formal-healthcare%services4.
Occupation/Employment%and%Health
-How%does%a%stressful%job%affect%your%health?
The&way&work&is&organized•
Management&styles•
Social&relationships&at&work&or&lack&thereof•
-What%characteristics%in%your%job%affect%your%health?
The&pace&and&repetitive&nature&of&work1.
The&frequency&of&deadlines&and&reporting2.
The&level& of&control&over&schedules&or&work&activities3.
Decisions&making&authority4.
Physically&demanding&work&and&safety&issues5.
-What%are%the%consequences%of%this%for%your%health?
Increased&risk&of&physical&injuries&at&work•
Higher&blood&pressure,&cardiovascular&disease,&depression,&anxiety•
People&who&have&more&control&over&their&work&have&better&health•
-What%is%job%satisfaction?
Meaningful&employment•
The&opportunity&to&gain&knowledge&and&skills•
Adequate&income•
Rewarding&relationships&with&your&co-workers•
Education%and%Social%Supports
-More&education&=&better&health
Giving&people&the&knowledge&and&skills&they&need&to&improve&their&lives&and&be&healthy•
Improves&their&ability&to&access&and&ask&informed&questions•
-Belonging&to&a&social&support&network&=&better&health
-Three&types&of&social&support:
Emotional%support
The&feeling&of&being&cared&for&and&valued
○
1.
Instrumental%support
Provides&you&with&important&practical&assistance&for&living
○
2.
Information%support
Conveying&health&information
○
3.
-Precarious&employment
Insecure&employment&with&intensified&work•
Non-standard&work&hours•
No&certainty&over&work•
No&control&over&your&work•
Lack&of&legal&protection•
Inadequate&income&and&benefits•
Lack&of&social&support•
Lack&of&training&and&career&advancement•
A&higher°ree&of&exposure&to&physical&hazards•
-Workers&with&less&education&are&less'likely to:
Have&paid&sick&and&personal&leave•
Have&child&or&elder&care&resources•
Receive&retirement&benefits•
-Workers&with&less&education&are more'likely'to:
Hold&lower&paying&jobs•
Have&occupational&hazards•
Have&poor&working&conditions•
Our%Neighbourhood%Affects%Our%Health
Unhealthy%Community Healthy%Community
Unsafe&even&in&daylight Safe&neighbourhoods,&schools,&and&walking&routes
Exposure&to&exposure&to&toxic&air&and&hazardous&
waste
Clean&air&and&environment
No&parks&or&areas&for&physical&exercise Well-equipped&parks&and&open&spaces/organized&community&
recreation
Limited&affordable&housing&is&run-down;&linked&to&
crime-ridden&neighbourhoods
High&quality&mixed-income&housing,&both&owned&and&rental
Convenience&and&liquor&stores,&no&grocery&stores Well-stocked&grocery&stores&offering&nutritious&foods
Streets&and&sidewalks&in&disrepair Clean&streets&that&are&easy&to&navigate
Burned&out&homes&and&littered&streets Well&kept&homes&and&tree-lined&streets
No&culturally&sensitive&community¢res,&social&
services,&or&opportunities&to&engage&with&
neighbours&in&community&life
Organized&multicultural&community&programs,&social&services,&
neighbourhoods,&councils,&or&others&opportunities&for&
participation&in&community&life
No&local&health&care&service Primary&care&through&physicians'&offices&or&health¢re,&
school-based&health&programs
Lack&of&public&transportation,&walking&or&biking&
paths
Accessible,&safe&public&transportation,&walking&and&bike&paths
Adopting%a%Salutogenic%Approach
-The&salutogenic&approach&focuses&on&the&meaning&of&good&health&and&the&social&factors&that&contribute&to&the&
pursuit&of&health&and&wellness
-Health&involves&continuous&movement&along&a&continuum&btwn&good&health&(wellness)&and&ill& health&(sickness)
-Pathogenesis:%refers&to&the&origins&of&disease.&The&biomedical&model&aims&to&get&an&understanding&of&the&etiology&of&
major&diseases
-Salutogenesis:%refers&to&the&origins&of&positive&health
Focuses&on&factors&that&protect&and&enhance&good&health•
Six%Types%of%Wellness
Physical&wellness&=&your&level&of&fitness/physical&activity1.
Psychological&wellness&=&your&sense&of&optimism2.
Emotional&wellness&=&having&a&positive&self-identity3.
Social&wellness&=&being&part&of&a&community&that&understands&you4.
Spiritual&wellness&=&your&sense&of&purpose&and&level&of&life&satisfaction5.
Intellectual&wellness&=&when&you're&feeling&challenged&and&stimulated&by&your&life&experiences6.
Sense%of%Coherence
Comprehensibility:&the&extent&to&which&one&perceives&life&events&as&making&sense•
Manageability:&the&expectation&that&things&will&work&out&as&well&as&can&reasonably&be&expected•
Meaningfulness:&the&extent&to&which&one&feels&that&life&makes&sense&emotionally•
Wellness:%More%than%the%Absence%of%Disease%and%Illness
-Good&health&is&usually&taken&for&granted&and&difficult&to&define
-Good&health&includes&psychological,&physical,&and&social&fitness
Psychological&fitness&refers&to&an&individual's&ability&to:
To&understand&something;&their&emotional&well-being
○
•
Physical&fitness&refers&to&an&individual's&ability&to:
To&perform&a&physical&activity
○
•
Social&fitness&refers&to&an&individual's&ability&to:
To&perform&your&social&role
○
•
Structural%Functionalist%Paradigm
-Social&roles&and&health&and&illness&attached&to&institution&of&health&care
-Both&roles&(health&and&illness)&have&certain&cultural&expectations&and&social&behaviours
-A&form&of&deviance
-!"#$%&&'(")*%+,*'"Sick%Role"
Rights:
The&individual&is&exempt&from&normal&social&roles1.
The&individual&isn't&responsible&for&their&condition2.
•
Obligations:
The&individual&should&want&to&feel&better1.
The&individual&should&seek&medical&help2.
•
Criticisms•
Focuses&on´&illness&rather&than&chronic&illness1.
Limited&to&physical&conditions,&ignores&psychosocial&2.
Society&isn't&consensus&based3.
Assumes&patient&is&always&passive4.
Decontextualized,&failing&to&consider&the&influence&of&aspects&of&social&location&such&as&culture,&class,&and&
gender
5.
Ignores&that&some&don't&have&access&to&resources6.
Underestimates&role&of&self/informal&care&overestimates&role&of&doctors7.
Does¬&says&very&much&about&the&experience& of&illness&and&doesn't&explain&what&impact&the&sick&role&has&on&
an&individual's&everyday&life&experiences
8.
Conflict%Paradigm
-Issues&of&"medical&dominance"
View&of&how&organized&medicine&attains&and&maintains&its&position&of&dominance&in&the&healthcare&field•
Explored&by&-##.%&'/)0.1*%+2'who&analyzed&effects&of&medical&dominance&on&health,&society,&and&the&healing&
professions
E.g.&physicians'&exclusive& rights&to&diagnose&and&treat&disease
○
•
-Medical-Industrial%Complex%(MIC)
Term&coined&by&3.$0+&0'4"5"))%'defining&the&profit-driven&health-care&industry•
MIC&includes:&hospitals,&nursing&homes,&home-care&services,&diagnostic&services,&pharma&companies,&diet&
industry
•
Due&to&individualist&perspective&of&health&as&an&individual's&responsibility,&the&health-care&industry&has&caused&
"medical&consumerism"
•
The%Sociology%of%the%Body%Paradigm
-6%7)1.07'and&"habitus"&-- "feel&for&the&game"
Internal&set&of&dispositions&•
Ingrained&habits&and&skills&we&possess&due&to&life&experiences•
Most&of&our&behaviour&happens&because&of&our&preconscious&logic&of&practice
The&habitus&is&inscribed&in&who&we&are&from&early&socialization&-- our&way&of&understanding&circumstances&
and&how&we&act
○
Practical&institutions&that&causes&us&to&speak&and&act&in&certain&situations&that&we&learned&at&a&young&age
○
•
-89).*':9.##.+;,*'concept&of&"body%projects"
The&body&is&constantly&in&the&process&of&becoming&but&never&fully&formed•
The&body&as&something&that&something&needs&to&be&worked&at&in&order&to&feel&valued•
Social'Determinants'of'Health
Wednesday,& September& 26,&2018
6:54&PM
What%Makes%People%Healthy?
Healthy%lifestyle%promotion
Focus&on&personal&behaviours
○
Trifecta:&don't&smoke/drink,&eat&well,&exercise
○
1.
The%social%determinants%of%health%(SDOH)
The&circumstances&in&which&people&are&born,&grow&up,&live,&work,&and&age,&and&the&systems&put&in&place&
to&deal&with&illness
○
The&economic&and&social&conditions&that&shape&the&health&of&people&and&communities
Typically&beyond&the&control&of&the&individual&
§
The&primary&determinants&of&whether&people&are&healthy&or&ill
§
Determine&the&extent&to&which&someone&has&the&physical,&social,&and&personal&resources&to&
identify&and&achieve&their&aspirations
§
The&types&of&resources&we&make&available&to&our&citizens&through&our&communities
§
○
2.
What%are%the%SDOH?
Income&and&income&distribution1.
Education2.
Unemployment&and&job&security3.
Employment&and&working&conditions4.
Early&childhood&development5.
Food&insecurity6.
Housing7.
Social&exclusion8.
Social&safety&network9.
Health&services10.
Aboriginal&status11.
Gender12.
Race13.
Disability&14.
The&Traditional&Ten&Tips&for&Better&Health
Don't&smoke.&If&you&can,&stop.&If&you&can't,&cut&down1.
Follow&a&balanced&diet&with&plenty&of&fruit&and&veggies2.
Keep&physically&active3.
Manage&stress4.
Drink&alcohol&in&moderation5.
Cover&up&in&the&sun6.
Practice&safer&sex7.
Take&up&cancer&screening&opportunities8.
Be&safe&on&the&roads9.
Learns&the&First&Aid&ABCs:&airways,&breathing,&circulation10.
The&SDOH&10&Tips&for&Better&Health
Don't&be&poor1.
Don't&have&poor&parents2.
Own&a&car3.
Don't&work&in&stressful,&low&paid&manual&job4.
Don't&live&in&damp,&low&quality&housing5.
Be&able&to&afford&to&go&on&foreign&holiday&and&sunbathe6.
Practice¬&losing&your&job&and&don't&become&unemployed7.
Take&up&all&benefits&you're&entitled&to,&if&you're&unemployed,&retired,&sick,&or&disabled8.
Don't&live&next&to&a&busy&major&road&or&near&a&polluting&factory9.
Learn&how&to&fill&in&the&complex&housing&benefit/asylum&application&forms&before&you&become&homeless&and&
destitute
10.
The&Major&Determinants&of&Health&Status:&An&Overview&of&Four&Factors
-LaLond&Report:&factors&affecting&our&health&include&four&major&determinants
Human%biology
Health&affected&by&geneticsa.
1.
Lifestyle%behaviour
Health&behaviours&are&part&of&a&complex&lifestyle&that&affects&our&health&statusa.
Personal&health&practices&aimed&at&protecting&health&contribute&to&good&health,&while&other&personal&
practices&contribute&to&ill&health&-BUT,&healthy&lifestyles&is&only&a&small&part&of&the&answer
b.
2.
Environment
Two&environments&affect&health:&physical&and&social
Physical:&the&natural&environment&and&the&built&environment
Natural'environment□
Built'environment shape&the&health&of&a&population&living&in&that&environment□
i.
Social:&made&up&of&social&structures,&has&a&strong&influence&on&our&health&status
Higher&SES&=&better&health;&better&resources,&access,&benefits,&etc.□
Unemployment&hurts&health:&leads&to&resource&deprivation,&greater&psychological&stress,&
lowers&self-esteem,&leads&to&poor&coping&strategies&
□
Employment&also&has&negative&impacts&on&health□
ii.
a.
Second&and&third&hand&smokeb.
3.
Use%of%formal-healthcare%services4.
Occupation/Employment%and%Health
-How%does%a%stressful%job%affect%your%health?
The&way&work&is&organized•
Management&styles•
Social&relationships&at&work&or&lack&thereof•
-What%characteristics%in%your%job%affect%your%health?
The&pace&and&repetitive&nature&of&work1.
The&frequency&of&deadlines&and&reporting2.
The&level& of&control&over&schedules&or&work&activities3.
Decisions&making&authority4.
Physically&demanding&work&and&safety&issues5.
-What%are%the%consequences%of%this%for%your%health?
Increased&risk&of&physical&injuries&at&work•
Higher&blood&pressure,&cardiovascular&disease,&depression,&anxiety•
People&who&have&more&control&over&their&work&have&better&health•
-What%is%job%satisfaction?
Meaningful&employment•
The&opportunity&to&gain&knowledge&and&skills•
Adequate&income•
Rewarding&relationships&with&your&co-workers•
Education%and%Social%Supports
-More&education&=&better&health
Giving&people&the&knowledge&and&skills&they&need&to&improve&their&lives&and&be&healthy•
Improves&their&ability&to&access&and&ask&informed&questions•
-Belonging&to&a&social&support&network&=&better&health
-Three&types&of&social&support:
Emotional%support
The&feeling&of&being&cared&for&and&valued
○
1.
Instrumental%support
Provides&you&with&important&practical&assistance&for&living
○
2.
Information%support
Conveying&health&information
○
3.
-Precarious&employment
Insecure&employment&with&intensified&work•
Non-standard&work&hours•
No&certainty&over&work•
No&control&over&your&work•
Lack&of&legal&protection•
Inadequate&income&and&benefits•
Lack&of&social&support•
Lack&of&training&and&career&advancement•
A&higher°ree&of&exposure&to&physical&hazards•
-Workers&with&less&education&are&less'likely to:
Have&paid&sick&and&personal&leave•
Have&child&or&elder&care&resources•
Receive&retirement&benefits•
-Workers&with&less&education&are more'likely'to:
Hold&lower&paying&jobs•
Have&occupational&hazards•
Have&poor&working&conditions•
Our%Neighbourhood%Affects%Our%Health
Unhealthy%Community Healthy%Community
Unsafe&even&in&daylight Safe&neighbourhoods,&schools,&and&walking&routes
Exposure&to&exposure&to&toxic&air&and&hazardous&
waste
Clean&air&and&environment
No&parks&or&areas&for&physical&exercise Well-equipped&parks&and&open&spaces/organized&community&
recreation
Limited&affordable&housing&is&run-down;&linked&to&
crime-ridden&neighbourhoods
High&quality&mixed-income&housing,&both&owned&and&rental
Convenience&and&liquor&stores,&no&grocery&stores Well-stocked&grocery&stores&offering&nutritious&foods
Streets&and&sidewalks&in&disrepair Clean&streets&that&are&easy&to&navigate
Burned&out&homes&and&littered&streets Well&kept&homes&and&tree-lined&streets
No&culturally&sensitive&community¢res,&social&
services,&or&opportunities&to&engage&with&
neighbours&in&community&life
Organized&multicultural&community&programs,&social&services,&
neighbourhoods,&councils,&or&others&opportunities&for&
participation&in&community&life
No&local&health&care&service Primary&care&through&physicians'&offices&or&health¢re,&
school-based&health&programs
Lack&of&public&transportation,&walking&or&biking&
paths
Accessible,&safe&public&transportation,&walking&and&bike&paths
Adopting%a%Salutogenic%Approach
-The&salutogenic&approach&focuses&on&the&meaning&of&good&health&and&the&social&factors&that&contribute&to&the&
pursuit&of&health&and&wellness
-Health&involves&continuous&movement&along&a&continuum&btwn&good&health&(wellness)&and&ill& health&(sickness)
-Pathogenesis:%refers&to&the&origins&of&disease.&The&biomedical&model&aims&to&get&an&understanding&of&the&etiology&of&
major&diseases
-Salutogenesis:%refers&to&the&origins&of&positive&health
Focuses&on&factors&that&protect&and&enhance&good&health•
Six%Types%of%Wellness
Physical&wellness&=&your&level&of&fitness/physical&activity1.
Psychological&wellness&=&your&sense&of&optimism2.
Emotional&wellness&=&having&a&positive&self-identity3.
Social&wellness&=&being&part&of&a&community&that&understands&you4.
Spiritual&wellness&=&your&sense&of&purpose&and&level&of&life&satisfaction5.
Intellectual&wellness&=&when&you're&feeling&challenged&and&stimulated&by&your&life&experiences6.
Sense%of%Coherence
Comprehensibility:&the&extent&to&which&one&perceives&life&events&as&making&sense•
Manageability:&the&expectation&that&things&will&work&out&as&well&as&can&reasonably&be&expected•
Meaningfulness:&the&extent&to&which&one&feels&that&life&makes&sense&emotionally•
Wellness:%More%than%the%Absence%of%Disease%and%Illness
-Good&health&is&usually&taken&for&granted&and&difficult&to&define
-Good&health&includes&psychological,&physical,&and&social&fitness
Psychological&fitness&refers&to&an&individual's&ability&to:
To&understand&something;&their&emotional&well-being
○
•
Physical&fitness&refers&to&an&individual's&ability&to:
To&perform&a&physical&activity
○
•
Social&fitness&refers&to&an&individual's&ability&to:
To&perform&your&social&role
○
•
Structural%Functionalist%Paradigm
-Social&roles&and&health&and&illness&attached&to&institution&of&health&care
-Both&roles&(health&and&illness)&have&certain&cultural&expectations&and&social&behaviours
-A&form&of&deviance
-!"#$%&&'(")*%+,*'"Sick%Role"
Rights:
The&individual&is&exempt&from&normal&social&roles1.
The&individual&isn't&responsible&for&their&condition2.
•
Obligations:
The&individual&should&want&to&feel&better1.
The&individual&should&seek&medical&help2.
•
Criticisms•
Focuses&on´&illness&rather&than&chronic&illness1.
Limited&to&physical&conditions,&ignores&psychosocial&2.
Society&isn't&consensus&based3.
Assumes&patient&is&always&passive4.
Decontextualized,&failing&to&consider&the&influence&of&aspects&of&social&location&such&as&culture,&class,&and&
gender
5.
Ignores&that&some&don't&have&access&to&resources6.
Underestimates&role&of&self/informal&care&overestimates&role&of&doctors7.
Does¬&says&very&much&about&the&experience& of&illness&and&doesn't&explain&what&impact&the&sick&role&has&on&
an&individual's&everyday&life&experiences
8.
Conflict%Paradigm
-Issues&of&"medical&dominance"
View&of&how&organized&medicine&attains&and&maintains&its&position&of&dominance&in&the&healthcare&field•
Explored&by&-##.%&'/)0.1*%+2'who&analyzed&effects&of&medical&dominance&on&health,&society,&and&the&healing&
professions
E.g.&physicians'&exclusive& rights&to&diagnose&and&treat&disease
○
•
-Medical-Industrial%Complex%(MIC)
Term&coined&by&3.$0+&0'4"5"))%'defining&the&profit-driven&health-care&industry•
MIC&includes:&hospitals,&nursing&homes,&home-care&services,&diagnostic&services,&pharma&companies,&diet&
industry
•
Due&to&individualist&perspective&of&health&as&an&individual's&responsibility,&the&health-care&industry&has&caused&
"medical&consumerism"
•
The%Sociology%of%the%Body%Paradigm
-6%7)1.07'and&"habitus"&-- "feel&for&the&game"
Internal&set&of&dispositions&•
Ingrained&habits&and&skills&we&possess&due&to&life&experiences•
Most&of&our&behaviour&happens&because&of&our&preconscious&logic&of&practice
The&habitus&is&inscribed&in&who&we&are&from&early&socialization&-- our&way&of&understanding&circumstances&
and&how&we&act
○
Practical&institutions&that&causes&us&to&speak&and&act&in&certain&situations&that&we&learned&at&a&young&age
○
•
-89).*':9.##.+;,*'concept&of&"body%projects"
The&body&is&constantly&in&the&process&of&becoming&but&never&fully&formed•
The&body&as&something&that&something&needs&to&be&worked&at&in&order&to&feel&valued•
Social'Determinants'of'Health
Wednesday,& September& 26,&2018 6:54&PM
What%Makes%People%Healthy?
Healthy%lifestyle%promotion
Focus&on&personal&behaviours
○
Trifecta:&don't&smoke/drink,&eat&well,&exercise
○
1.
The%social%determinants%of%health%(SDOH)
The&circumstances&in&which&people&are&born,&grow&up,&live,&work,&and&age,&and&the&systems&put&in&place&
to&deal&with&illness
○
The&economic&and&social&conditions&that&shape&the&health&of&people&and&communities
Typically&beyond&the&control&of&the&individual&
§
The&primary&determinants&of&whether&people&are&healthy&or&ill
§
Determine&the&extent&to&which&someone&has&the&physical,&social,&and&personal&resources&to&
identify&and&achieve&their&aspirations
§
The&types&of&resources&we&make&available&to&our&citizens&through&our&communities
§
○
2.
What%are%the%SDOH?
Income&and&income&distribution1.
Education2.
Unemployment&and&job&security3.
Employment&and&working&conditions4.
Early&childhood&development5.
Food&insecurity6.
Housing7.
Social&exclusion8.
Social&safety&network9.
Health&services10.
Aboriginal&status11.
Gender12.
Race13.
Disability&14.
The&Traditional&Ten&Tips&for&Better&Health
Don't&smoke.&If&you&can,&stop.&If&you&can't,&cut&down
1.
Follow&a&balanced&diet&with&plenty&of&fruit&and&veggies
2.
Keep&physically&active
3.
Manage&stress
4.
Drink&alcohol&in&moderation
5.
Cover&up&in&the&sun
6.
Practice&safer&sex
7.
Take&up&cancer&screening&opportunities
8.
Be&safe&on&the&roads
9.
Learns&the&First&Aid&ABCs:&airways,&breathing,&circulation
10.
The&SDOH&10&Tips&for&Better&Health
Don't&be&poor
1.
Don't&have&poor&parents
2.
Own&a&car
3.
Don't&work&in&stressful,&low&paid&manual&job
4.
Don't&live&in&damp,&low&quality&housing
5.
Be&able&to&afford&to&go&on&foreign&holiday&and&sunbathe
6.
Practice¬&losing&your&job&and&don't&become&unemployed
7.
Take&up&all&benefits&you're&entitled&to,&if&you're&unemployed,&retired,&sick,&or&disabled
8.
Don't&live&next&to&a&busy&major&road&or&near&a&polluting&factory
9.
Learn&how&to&fill&in&the&complex&housing&benefit/asylum&application&forms&before&you&become&homeless&and&
destitute
10.
The&Major&Determinants&of&Health&Status:&An&Overview&of&Four&Factors
-LaLond&Report:&factors&affecting&our&health&include&four&major&determinants
Human%biology
Health&affected&by&genetics
a.
1.
Lifestyle%behaviour
Health&behaviours&are&part&of&a&complex&lifestyle&that&affects&our&health&status
a.
Personal&health&practices&aimed&at&protecting&health&contribute&to&good&health,&while&other&personal&
practices&contribute&to&ill&health&-BUT,&healthy&lifestyles&is&only&a&small&part&of&the&answer
b.
2.
Environment
Two&environments&affect&health:&physical&and&social
Physical:&the&natural&environment&and&the&built&environment
Natural'environment□
Built'environment shape&the&health&of&a&population&living&in&that&environment□
i.
Social:&made&up&of&social&structures,&has&a&strong&influence&on&our&health&status
Higher&SES&=&better&health;&better&resources,&access,&benefits,&etc.□
Unemployment&hurts&health:&leads&to&resource&deprivation,&greater&psychological&stress,&
lowers&self-esteem,&leads&to&poor&coping&strategies&
□
Employment&also&has&negative&impacts&on&health□
ii.
a.
Second&and&third&hand&smokeb.
3.
Use%of%formal-healthcare%services4.
Occupation/Employment%and%Health
-How%does%a%stressful%job%affect%your%health?
The&way&work&is&organized•
Management&styles•
Social&relationships&at&work&or&lack&thereof•
-What%characteristics%in%your%job%affect%your%health?
The&pace&and&repetitive&nature&of&work1.
The&frequency&of&deadlines&and&reporting2.
The&level& of&control&over&schedules&or&work&activities3.
Decisions&making&authority4.
Physically&demanding&work&and&safety&issues5.
-What%are%the%consequences%of%this%for%your%health?
Increased&risk&of&physical&injuries&at&work•
Higher&blood&pressure,&cardiovascular&disease,&depression,&anxiety•
People&who&have&more&control&over&their&work&have&better&health•
-What%is%job%satisfaction?
Meaningful&employment•
The&opportunity&to&gain&knowledge&and&skills•
Adequate&income•
Rewarding&relationships&with&your&co-workers•
Education%and%Social%Supports
-More&education&=&better&health
Giving&people&the&knowledge&and&skills&they&need&to&improve&their&lives&and&be&healthy•
Improves&their&ability&to&access&and&ask&informed&questions•
-Belonging&to&a&social&support&network&=&better&health
-Three&types&of&social&support:
Emotional%support
The&feeling&of&being&cared&for&and&valued
○
1.
Instrumental%support
Provides&you&with&important&practical&assistance&for&living
○
2.
Information%support
Conveying&health&information
○
3.
-Precarious&employment
Insecure&employment&with&intensified&work•
Non-standard&work&hours•
No&certainty&over&work•
No&control&over&your&work•
Lack&of&legal&protection•
Inadequate&income&and&benefits•
Lack&of&social&support•
Lack&of&training&and&career&advancement•
A&higher°ree&of&exposure&to&physical&hazards•
-Workers&with&less&education&are&less'likely to:
Have&paid&sick&and&personal&leave•
Have&child&or&elder&care&resources•
Receive&retirement&benefits•
-Workers&with&less&education&are more'likely'to:
Hold&lower&paying&jobs•
Have&occupational&hazards•
Have&poor&working&conditions•
Our%Neighbourhood%Affects%Our%Health
Unhealthy%Community Healthy%Community
Unsafe&even&in&daylight Safe&neighbourhoods,&schools,&and&walking&routes
Exposure&to&exposure&to&toxic&air&and&hazardous&
waste
Clean&air&and&environment
No&parks&or&areas&for&physical&exercise Well-equipped&parks&and&open&spaces/organized&community&
recreation
Limited&affordable&housing&is&run-down;&linked&to&
crime-ridden&neighbourhoods
High&quality&mixed-income&housing,&both&owned&and&rental
Convenience&and&liquor&stores,&no&grocery&stores Well-stocked&grocery&stores&offering&nutritious&foods
Streets&and&sidewalks&in&disrepair Clean&streets&that&are&easy&to&navigate
Burned&out&homes&and&littered&streets Well&kept&homes&and&tree-lined&streets
No&culturally&sensitive&community¢res,&social&
services,&or&opportunities&to&engage&with&
neighbours&in&community&life
Organized&multicultural&community&programs,&social&services,&
neighbourhoods,&councils,&or&others&opportunities&for&
participation&in&community&life
No&local&health&care&service Primary&care&through&physicians'&offices&or&health¢re,&
school-based&health&programs
Lack&of&public&transportation,&walking&or&biking&
paths
Accessible,&safe&public&transportation,&walking&and&bike&paths
Adopting%a%Salutogenic%Approach
-The&salutogenic&approach&focuses&on&the&meaning&of&good&health&and&the&social&factors&that&contribute&to&the&
pursuit&of&health&and&wellness
-Health&involves&continuous&movement&along&a&continuum&btwn&good&health&(wellness)&and&ill& health&(sickness)
-Pathogenesis:%refers&to&the&origins&of&disease.&The&biomedical&model&aims&to&get&an&understanding&of&the&etiology&of&
major&diseases
-Salutogenesis:%refers&to&the&origins&of&positive&health
Focuses&on&factors&that&protect&and&enhance&good&health•
Six%Types%of%Wellness
Physical&wellness&=&your&level&of&fitness/physical&activity1.
Psychological&wellness&=&your&sense&of&optimism2.
Emotional&wellness&=&having&a&positive&self-identity3.
Social&wellness&=&being&part&of&a&community&that&understands&you4.
Spiritual&wellness&=&your&sense&of&purpose&and&level&of&life&satisfaction5.
Intellectual&wellness&=&when&you're&feeling&challenged&and&stimulated&by&your&life&experiences6.
Sense%of%Coherence
Comprehensibility:&the&extent&to&which&one&perceives&life&events&as&making&sense•
Manageability:&the&expectation&that&things&will&work&out&as&well&as&can&reasonably&be&expected•
Meaningfulness:&the&extent&to&which&one&feels&that&life&makes&sense&emotionally•
Wellness:%More%than%the%Absence%of%Disease%and%Illness
-Good&health&is&usually&taken&for&granted&and&difficult&to&define
-Good&health&includes&psychological,&physical,&and&social&fitness
Psychological&fitness&refers&to&an&individual's&ability&to:
To&understand&something;&their&emotional&well-being
○
•
Physical&fitness&refers&to&an&individual's&ability&to:
To&perform&a&physical&activity
○
•
Social&fitness&refers&to&an&individual's&ability&to:
To&perform&your&social&role
○
•
Structural%Functionalist%Paradigm
-Social&roles&and&health&and&illness&attached&to&institution&of&health&care
-Both&roles&(health&and&illness)&have&certain&cultural&expectations&and&social&behaviours
-A&form&of&deviance
-!"#$%&&'(")*%+,*'"Sick%Role"
Rights:
The&individual&is&exempt&from&normal&social&roles1.
The&individual&isn't&responsible&for&their&condition2.
•
Obligations:
The&individual&should&want&to&feel&better1.
The&individual&should&seek&medical&help2.
•
Criticisms•
Focuses&on´&illness&rather&than&chronic&illness1.
Limited&to&physical&conditions,&ignores&psychosocial&2.
Society&isn't&consensus&based3.
Assumes&patient&is&always&passive4.
Decontextualized,&failing&to&consider&the&influence&of&aspects&of&social&location&such&as&culture,&class,&and&
gender
5.
Ignores&that&some&don't&have&access&to&resources6.
Underestimates&role&of&self/informal&care&overestimates&role&of&doctors7.
Does¬&says&very&much&about&the&experience& of&illness&and&doesn't&explain&what&impact&the&sick&role&has&on&
an&individual's&everyday&life&experiences
8.
Conflict%Paradigm
-Issues&of&"medical&dominance"
View&of&how&organized&medicine&attains&and&maintains&its&position&of&dominance&in&the&healthcare&field•
Explored&by&-##.%&'/)0.1*%+2'who&analyzed&effects&of&medical&dominance&on&health,&society,&and&the&healing&
professions
E.g.&physicians'&exclusive& rights&to&diagnose&and&treat&disease
○
•
-Medical-Industrial%Complex%(MIC)
Term&coined&by&3.$0+&0'4"5"))%'defining&the&profit-driven&health-care&industry•
MIC&includes:&hospitals,&nursing&homes,&home-care&services,&diagnostic&services,&pharma&companies,&diet&
industry
•
Due&to&individualist&perspective&of&health&as&an&individual's&responsibility,&the&health-care&industry&has&caused&
"medical&consumerism"
•
The%Sociology%of%the%Body%Paradigm
-6%7)1.07'and&"habitus"&-- "feel&for&the&game"
Internal&set&of&dispositions&•
Ingrained&habits&and&skills&we&possess&due&to&life&experiences•
Most&of&our&behaviour&happens&because&of&our&preconscious&logic&of&practice
The&habitus&is&inscribed&in&who&we&are&from&early&socialization&-- our&way&of&understanding&circumstances&
and&how&we&act
○
Practical&institutions&that&causes&us&to&speak&and&act&in&certain&situations&that&we&learned&at&a&young&age
○
•
-89).*':9.##.+;,*'concept&of&"body%projects"
The&body&is&constantly&in&the&process&of&becoming&but&never&fully&formed•
The&body&as&something&that&something&needs&to&be&worked&at&in&order&to&feel&valued•
Social'Determinants'of'Health
Wednesday,& September& 26,&2018 6:54&PM
Document Summary
The circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work, and age, and the to deal with illness. The economic and social conditions that shape the health of people and communit. The primary determinants of whether people are healthy or ill. Determine the extent to which someone has the physical, social, and persona identify and achieve their aspirations. The types of resources we make available to our citizens through our commu. Disability the systems put in place unities sonal resources to munities. Follow a balanced diet with plenty of fruit and veggies. Learns the first aid abcs: airways, breathing, circulation. Don"t work in stressful, low paid manual job. Be able to afford to go on foreign holiday and sunbathe. Practice not losing your job and don"t become unemployed. Take up all benefits you"re entitled to, if you"re unemployed, retired, sick, or disabled. Don"t live next to a busy major road or near a polluting factory.
