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ECN 301 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Bank Reserves, Quantitative Easing, Foreign Exchange Market

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School
Ryerson University
Department
Economics
Course
ECN 301
Professor
Mary Olynik

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Document Summary

Chapter 14: monetary policy and the bank of canada. Monetary base: the liabilities of the central bank that are usable as money. Equals the the sum of bank reserves and currency in circulation. In an all currency economy, monetary base = money supply. Fractional reserve banking and no currency held by the public, the money supply is 1/res times monetary base. With fractional reserve banking and currency in circulation, the money multiplier equals (cu+1)/(cu +res) If a large number of depositors attempt to withdraw currency simultaneously, the bank will be unable to meet all its depositors" demand for cash. In control of short term monetary policy. Lender of last resort, implements monetary policy, fiscal agent for the federal government. Affects money supply primarily through changes in the overnight interest rate. The banks hold balances at the bank of canada called settlement balances. Lend some of its balances to another bank for one day, charging an interest rate.

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Related Questions

Multiple Choice

1. Assume that the money multiplier equals 2.5 and if the Fed purchases $10 million in bonds from a bank, the monetary supply will:

  1. Increase by $10 million.
  2. Increase by $25 million.
  3. Decrease by $10 million.
  4. Decrease by $25 million.

2. The monetary base is defined as:

  1. all currency in circulation.
  2. checkable deposits at depository institutions.
  3. excess reserves in the banking system.
  4. currency plus total banking reserves.

3. Which of the following means of financing federal government spending will increase the monetary base?

  1. raising the corporate income tax.
  2. raising the personal income tax.
  3. selling bonds to the public.
  4. selling bonds to the Fed.

Short Answer

1. Assume the Federal Reserve Board is undertaking an expansionarymonetary policy. Explain the details of how the expansionary Fed impacts each of the following:

  1. Open market operations - how does the Fed use open market operations for an expansionary monetary policy?
  2. The monetary base.
  3. Money Supply.
  4. Fed funds interest rate.
  5. Long-term interest rates.
  6. Business Investment.
  7. Aggregate demand.
  8. Economic growth.
  9. Unemployment rate.

2. Under certain circumstances, expansionary Fed policy may not have much of an effect on the rate of economic growth. Give a reason why, and explain?

3. Regarding the Asian currency crisis, answer the following questions:

  1. Describe the normal reasons why a currency undergoes a significant depreciation and what were the important characteristics of the Asian countries involved in the crisis?
  2. What are some expected domestic economic consequences of the currency crisis for the countries involved? Focus on:
    • import prices of goods and services into the Asian country.
    • export prices of goods and services from the Asian country.
    • Domestic inflation rates.
  3. Assume that the countries involved undertake a tight monetary policy and raise interest rates in response to the crisis. What are the two primary reasons for raising interest rates in their case?
  4. Given high domestic interest rates, what is the economic outlook for these Asian countries in the next few years?

1. The money supply will be ____ than the monetary base when reserves are ___ than

deposits.

A) smaller; less

B) smaller; greater

C) bigger; less

D) There is not enough information provided to answer the question.

2. Which of the following include liabilities of the Fed?

A) bank reserves

B) loans to commercial banks in the 10th district

C) government bonds

D) loans to commercial banks in the 8th district

3. Which of the following are assets of the Fed?

A) bank reserves

B) coins

C) government bonds

4.Without a banking system, the monetary base and money supply are equal to:

A) deposits.

B) reserves.

C) currency in circulation.

D) None of the answers are correct.

D) federal reserve notes

5.M1 is:

A) currency + traveler's checks + checking deposits

B) currency +coins

C) currency + checking deposits

D) currency

6.If a bank's assets are $200 and the value of its weighted assets is $125, which is the

more restrictive capital requirement: the U.S. minimum equity ratio or the Basel Accord

requirement?

A) They are the same.

B) The United States ratio is the most restrictive.

C) The Basel Accord is the most restrictive.

D) There is not enough information provided to answer the question.

7. Which of the following includes consequences of the purchase and assumption method

of dealing with an insolvent bank?

A) The FDIC sells most of the assets and liabilities of the insolvent bank to another

bank.

B) Depositors lose their deposits and bank branches close.

C) The FDIC sells the insolvent bank's liabilities and earns a profit.

D) The bank keeps its original name.

8. Which of the following is a consequence of the payoff method of dealing with an

insolvent bank?

A) The FDIC sells the bank's assets for as much as it can get to pay off depositors.

B) The insolvent bank remains open under a new management.

C) The FDIC fund is not affected.

D) Small depositors lose 50 percent of their deposits.

9. Deposit insurance creates a moral hazard because it:

A) eliminates depositors' incentives to monitor banks.

B) reduces the cost of a bank failure for depositors.

C) encourages depositors to leave their funds in a weak bank.

D) All of the answers are correct.

10. The Basel Accord set international standards for:

A) interest rate volatility.

B) reserve ratios.

C) bank capital requirements.

D) loan risk.

11. U.S. capital requirements mandate a ________ minimum capital–assets ratio.

A) 0 percent

B) 10 percent

C) 5 percent

D) 50 percent

12. Which of the following securities are banks not allowed to hold?

A) high-rated corporate bonds

B) stocks

C) municipal bonds

D) Treasury bonds

13. A bank run is an extreme form of:

A) credit risk.

B) interest rate risk.

C) low bank esteem.

D) liquidity risk.

14. One explanation for a bank run is:

A) adaptive expectations.

B) self-fulfilling expectations.

C) poor bank management.

D) that rising oil prices mean depositors require more cash.

1.  The Federal Funds Rate is set by the Federal Reserve on the first business day of each month by faxing the rate to the member banks of each Federal Reserve District.

A. True

B. False

 

2. The Federal Reserve is a single Central bank located on Wall Street in New York City.

A. True

B. False

 

3. Which of the following is NOT true about the Federal Reserve System?

A. Terms of service of the members of the Board of Governors are longer than the number of years that a two-term President of the United States would serve.

B. The Federal Reserve System is the nation's central bank and is comprised of 12 Federal Reserve Banks that serve as bankers' banks.

C. Some of the main functions of the Federal Reserve System include the authority to control the money supply, to issue currency, to set reserve requirements, and to hold reserves.

D. While Congress controls the actions of the Federal Reserve, the President has the authority to appoint and remove private banks from the Federal Reserve System.

 

4. Which of the following is NOT true about restrictive monetary policy?

A. A restrictive monetary policy seeks to raise the federal funds rate.

B. A restrictive monetary policy seeks to expand the money supply.

C. A restrictive monetary policy seeks to raise the Federal Funds Rate by selling government bonds or raising the reserve requirement ratio or increasing the discount rate.

D. A restrictive monetary policy is used when the government is concerned about suddenly increasing inflation.

 

5. Which of the following statements is NOT true about contractionary fiscal policy?

A. Contractionary fiscal policy consists of reductions in government spending or increases in taxes.

B. Contractionary fiscal policy can include both reductions in government spending or increases in taxes.

C. Contractionary fiscal policy seeks to shift the Aggregate Demand curve to the right.

D. Contractionary fiscal policy is used when the government seeks to reduce suddenly surging inflation.

 

6. The Federal Reserve creates money by printing the amount of desired new money and distributing it via armored trucks and high-security railways to Federal Reserve District Banks.

A. True

B. False

 

7. If the Fed feared a looming recession was just around the corner, which of the following actions would it "NOT" consider?

A. The Fed would raise the discount rate.

B. In order to influence prevailing commercial interest rates to fall, the Fed would buy large amounts of government securities.

C. In order to expand the money supply (which influences prevailing commercial interest rates to fall), the Fed would either buy large volumes of government bonds, lower the reserve requirement or cut the discount rate.

D. The Fed would seek to expand the money supply because, in so doing, the federal funds rate would fall and that would stimulate commercial interest rates to fall.

 

8. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the ability of the Federal Reserve System to expand the money supply?

A. The Federal Reserve System uses the fractional nature of the banking system to create money in order to expand the money supply.

B. The money multiplier defines the relationship between new excess reserves throughout the banking system and the creation of money by banks in the system. It is calculated by dividing the number 1 by the Required Reserve Ratio. [1/rr].

C. If the required reserve ratio is 20%, then $80 billion in new excess reserves will create $400 billion in bank system lending throughout the entire banking system.

D. If the reserve requirement is 100%, then the banks can generate 100% in new excess reserves.

 

9. Which of the following is NOT true about the tools of monetary policy?

A. The Fed can alter the money supply through open market operations, changes in the reserve ratio or adjustments to the discount rate.

B. Lowering the reserve ratio would expand the money supply.

C. Raising the discount rate would restrict the money supply.

D. Adjusting the reserve requirement is the most important day-to-day method for controlling the nation's money supply.

 

10. If the Federal Reserve wishes to hold off a feared recession, it will sell large volumes of government bonds.

A. True

B. False