BIOL207 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Mitochondrion, Lysosome, Glycolysis
27 May 2018
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September 12, 2013
PEDS 101 – Human Physiology
Chapter 4: Energy and Cellular Metabolism
Chapter 4 Overview:
• Quiz #1
• 1) Energy in biological systems. 2) Chemical reactions. 3) Enzymes. 4) Metabolism. 5) ATP
production. 6) Synthetic pathways
Why is this chapter important?
• Cell: basic function unit of most living organisms
• Looks at cell processes through which the human body obtains energy and maintains its
ordered systems.
Important!!
Energy = capacity to do work:
• What kid of ork does the ody perfor?
• 1) Chemical (make and break bonds)
→
ionic/covalent
• 2) Transport (ions, molecules, large particles, Ex: concentration gradients)
→
moving ions
costs energy
→
a concentration gradient moves high to low
• 3) Mechanical (movement)
→
Ex: cilia lining airways, contractions in intestine for digestion
• Forms of energy = kinetic and potential
Human respiration occurs in cell
→
transfers, gathers, stores &
loses energy to environment
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September 12, 2013
Examples of kinetic and potential energy:
In biological systems:
Potential energy is:
1) stored in [gradients] and chemical bonds
2) transformed into kinetic energy when needed to do work
- chemical
- transport
- mechanical
How do our cells survive?
• How do cells obtain energy from and store energy in chemical bonds of biomolecules?
Using chemical reactions, cells transform potential energy of chemical bonds into kinetic
energy for growth, maintenance, reproduction, and movement.
Chemical reactions:
• Reeer that eergy is trasferred through akig or reakig ods… see Table 4-2 (be
familiar with terms anabolic/catabolic)
• Metabolism = synthesis (anabolic) and breakdown (catabolic) of organic molecules needed
for cell structure and function and release of energy for cell function
• These uildig ad reakig
processes are called chemical
reactions
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September 12, 2013
Exergonic vs. Endergonic
- Exergonic (energy giving)
- How quickly something happens or not
- Only way to measure enzyme (whether active or
non-active) is to look at substrate/products
- Always a bit of lost energy to heat
**- it takes more energy to break bond with increased Ea
- Catalyst: Proteins will be enzymes therefore catalysts for
reaction
→
lower Ea for reaction rate to occur and speed up
reaction
- Ea: the amount of energy needed for the reaction to
happen
- Potential being transformed to kinetic
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Chapter 4 overview: quiz #1, 1) energy in biological systems. Why is this chapter important: cell: basic function unit of most living organisms. Looks at cell processes through which the human body obtains energy and maintains its ordered systems. Potential energy is: stored in [gradients] and chemical bonds, transformed into kinetic energy when needed to do work. Using chemical reactions, cells transform potential energy of chemical bonds into kinetic energy for growth, maintenance, reproduction, and movement. Always a bit of lost energy to heat. Only way to measure enzyme (whether active or non-active) is to look at substrate/products. **- it takes more energy to break bond with increased ea. Catalyst: proteins will be enzymes therefore catalysts for reaction lower ea for reaction rate to occur and speed up reaction. Ea: the amount of energy needed for the reaction to happen. Endergonic (energy taking need energy for reaction to occur) Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase (cid:373)uscle (cid:862)stress(cid:863) (see also table 4-3)
