HE ED110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Dysphonia, Cardiac Arrhythmia, Calorie Restriction

25 views9 pages

turquoiseotter326

21 Jun 2018

School

University of Alberta

Department

Health Education

Course

HE ED110

Professor

Paul Nya

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Chapter 4

Learning Objectives

1. Discuss different methods for assessing body weight and body composition

2. Explain the health risks associated with overweight and obesity

3. Explain factors that may contribute to a weight problem, including genetic,

physiological, lifestyle, environmental, and psychosocial factors

Learning Objectives

4. Describe lifestyle factors that contribute to weight gain and loss, including the roles of

diet, exercise, and emotional factors

5. Identify and describe the symptoms of eating disorders and the health risks associated

with them

6. Design a personal plan for managing body weight successfully

Maintaining a Healthy Weight:

A Public Health Challenge

Achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight is a serious public health challenge

Health Canada reports that approximately 54% of Canadian adults self-report that they

are overweight; 18% describe themselves as being obese

By 2021, it is estimated that 70% of males and nearly 50% of females will be either

overweight or obese

Basic Concepts of Weight Management

Body Composition

Subcutaneous fat

Visceral fat

Ectopic fat

Energy Balance

When energy in equals energy out, you maintain your current weight

Evaluating Body Weight and Composition

Overweight refers to body weight that falls above the recommended range for good

health

Obesity is the condition of having an excess of non-essential body fat; having a body

mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater or having a percent body fat greater than about 25%

for men and 33% for women.

Basic Concepts of Weight Management

Evaluating Body Weight and Body Composition

Height-weight charts

Body mass index

Body composition analysis

Hydrostatic weighing and Bod Pod

Skinfold measurements

Circumference measures

Electrical impedance analysis

Scanning procedures

find more resources at oneclass.com

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 9 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

What is the right weight for you?

Excess Body Fat and Wellness

There are several health risks associated with excess body fat including reduced life

expectancy, unhealthy cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and skin

problems.

The Health Risks of Excess Body Fat

Body Fat Distribution and Health

◦The distribution of body fat is an important indicator of health and waist

circumference is sometimes used as a marker for current and potential health

challenges.

◦Body Image

Excess Body Fat and Wellness

◦A negative body image is characterized by dissatisfaction with the body in

general or some part of the body in particular.

◦Very low levels of body fat can be a threat to wellness including reproductive,

circulatory, and immune system disorders.

◦What is the Right Weight for You?

◦Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat:

Genetic Factors

Nutrigenomics is the study of how nutrients and genes interact and how genetic

variations can cause people to respond differently to nutrients in food

Estimates of the genetic contribution to obesity vary widely, from 40%-70%

Scientists have so far identified more than 600 genes associated with obesity

Genes influence body size and shape, body fat distribution, and metabolic rate

Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat:

Genetic Factors

If both parents are obese, their children have an 80% risk of being obese; children with

only one obese parent face a 40% risk of becoming obese

Hereditary influences must be considered along with environmental factors

Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat:

Physiological Factors

Metabolism is a key factor in the regulation of body fat and body weight and is

influenced by heredity, behaviour, weight loss or gain, and exercise.

◦Hormones play a role in the accumulation of body fat, particularly in women

during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause.

◦Fat cells, similar to little compartments that inflate to hold body fat, determine

the amount of fat one has in their body. When existing fat cells are filled, the

body makes more, thereby increasing its ability to store fat.

Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat:

Lifestyle Factors

find more resources at oneclass.com

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 9 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Eating calorie-dense foods which contain high-fat and high-sugar, relying on fast food or

packaged convenience food, and restaurant portion sizes contribute to our overweight

and obese society.

◦Physical activity has been declining in Canadians, as schools have cut back on

physical education and recess, and most adults are inactive throughout the day.

◦An obesogenic environment promotes overconsumption of calories while

discouraging physical activity.

◦Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat:

Psychosocial Factors

Some people use food as a means of coping with stress and negative emotions

Eating may provide a powerful distraction from difficult feelings

When food and eating become the primary means of regulating emotions, binge eating

or other disturbed eating patterns can develop

Obesity is strongly associated with socioeconomic status; as income level increases,

obesity levels decrease

Because food in some families and cultures is a symbol of love and caring, it can be

difficult to change eating patterns

◦Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle for Successful Weight Management

Research suggests that most weight problems are lifestyle problems

Slow weight gain is a major cause of overweight and obesity

A good time to develop a lifestyle for successful weight management is during early

adulthood, when healthy behaviour patterns have a better chance of taking firm hold

Diet and Eating Habits

Total Calories

◦To maintain your current weight, the total number of calories you eat must

equal the number you burn. To lose weight, you must decrease your calorie

intake or increase the number of calories you burn.

◦The best approach for weight loss is combining an increase in physical activity

with moderate calorie restriction.

Diet and Eating Habits

Portion Sizes

◦Overconsumption of total calories is closely tied to portion sizes.

◦Many Canadians are unaware that the portions of packaged foods and of foods

served at restaurants have increased in size, and most of us significantly

underestimate the amount of food we eat.

◦People also commonly eat much more of the foods that they perceive as being

healthy, but in the process consume far more calories than they need.

Diet and Eating Habits

Energy (Calorie) Density

◦Energy density is the number of calories per gram of food

◦The consumption of a certain weight of food helps to feel full and satisfied

◦Eat more fresh fruits and vegetables as they are low in energy density

find more resources at oneclass.com

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 9 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Document Summary

Learning objectives: describe lifestyle factors that contribute to weight gain and loss, including the roles of. Identify and describe the symptoms of eating disorders and the health risks associated with them: design a personal plan for managing body weight successfully. Achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight is a serious public health challenge. Health canada reports that approximately 54% of canadian adults self-report that they are overweight; 18% describe themselves as being obese. By 2021, it is estimated that 70% of males and nearly 50% of females will be either overweight or obese. When energy in equals energy out, you maintain your current weight. Overweight refers to body weight that falls above the recommended range for good health. Obesity is the condition of having an excess of non-essential body fat; having a body mass index (bmi) of 30 or greater or having a percent body fat greater than about 25% for men and 33% for women.

Related Questions

1. How does prenatal body weight influence theamount of weight a woman should gain during pregnancy?

2. At what week of gestation does the embryonicperiod begin? When does the fetal period begin? When is the mostlikely time a teratogen can do the most damage, during theembryonic or fetal period?

3. What risks are there to a baby if the mothergains too little weight during the pregnancy? What risks are thereto a baby if the mother gains too much weight during thepregnancy?

4. What is the relationship between mercury,fish and pregnancy?

5. What are some of the common gastrointestinaldistresses pregnant women experience? What remedies are availableto manage them?

6. What is fetal alcohol syndrome? How can itbe prevented? When can it be most accurately diagnosed?

7. How does the MyPlate food guidance systemsupport a healthy pregnancy?

8. Why is a prenatal dietary supplementrecommended throughout pregnancy?

9. What benefits are there to exercising duringpregnancy? How should exercise be modified during eachtrimester?

10. What is one of the best ways to trackgrowth in children? What are you looking for when you trackgrowth?

11. What benefits to the infant are provided bybreastfeeding?

12. What benefits to the mother are provided bybreastfeeding?

13. What nutrients are vital for supportingdental health in infants and children?

14. Although breast milk has advantages overformula, breastfeeding not recommend if the nursing mother haswhich conditions?

15. At what age is it safe to switch fromformula or breast milk to cowâs milk?

16. Which solid foods should be introducedfirst and at what age and why: cereals, vegetables, andfruits?

17. Do infants have the same AMDRs as adults?If not, how are they different? Is the grams/kg body weight forprotein higher or lower for an infant compared to a teenager oradult?

18. Does eating sugary foods lead tohyperactivity in children? If not, what does?

19. What is the division of responsibilitybetween caregivers and children for feeding?

20. How would you outline a healthy dailyschedule and meal/snack pattern to follow for a preschooler and aschool-aged child?

21. Can the MyPlate tool support childhoodnutrition? How? What other tools can be used?

22. What are the consequences of obesity inchildhood? How can childhood obesity be prevented?

23. How can food allergies be prevented andmanaged in childhood?

24. The rapid weight gains that girlsexperience during adolescence begin at what ages? Forboys?

25. Are the AMDR guidelines for adults the sameas for teenagers? What are these guidelines? (Percent calories fromfat? Carbohydrate? Protein?)

26. Why are calcium and iron the most importantminerals for teenagers? Does gender make a difference?

27. If teens are overweight and it isunrealistic to believe they will grow into their current weight?What rate of weight loss is recommended in terms of pound(s) perweek?

28. Describe the typical diets of teens thatsmoke?

29. What is the nutritional consequence alcoholfor teens?

30. Adolescences should be physically activefor how many minutes/day?

31. How does body composition change over theyears? Is there anything one can do to affect this change?

32. Does Basal metabolic rate increase ordecrease with age? Why? Will the elderly need more or fewercalories per kilo body weight than those who are middleaged?

33. Do the elderly need more or less fluid percalorie intake than younger adults? Why?

34. If an elderly person has osteoporosis, canhe or she do anything to improve this condition?

35. How can a poverty-stricken older adult beassured of eating healthy meals on a regular basis?

36. Why is exercise important for theelderly?

37. How many calories are there in a gram ofalcohol? Why does consuming 2 alcoholic drinks in a man has thesame physiological affect as one drink for a woman?

38. What practices will decrease the rate ofalcohol absorption into the blood?

39. Define moderate alcohol intake in terms ofdrinks per day for men and women and say how it relates to HDLcholesterol.

viridianleopard15

Medical History:
Mrs. KY is a 45 yr old Caucasian female, married with two teenage sons. She is employed as a senior manager at a large bank and reports experiencing an âabove averageâ level of tension and stress. She presents at the referral of her primary care physician, who has observed that the client has elevated blood pressure and cholesterol levels that may be attributed to her stressful and highly sedentary job. In addition, the client admits that she would like to lose 30 to 40 lb (14 to 18 kg) and improve her fitness so that she can ride her bike with her husband on a community rail trail recently installed by her neighborhood.

Diagnosis:
Mrs. KY is a sedentary but otherwise healthy middle-aged female with significant risk factors for cardiovascular disease including obesity, dyslipidemia, and psychosocial stress. At the request of her physician she seeks to start exercising as part of a disease prevention program.

Exercise Test Results:
The client is 5 feet 6 in. tall (168 cm) and weighs 196 lb (89 kg), with a body mass index of 31.7. She has a resting heart rate of 85 beats Â· minâ1 and a resting blood pressure of 136/89 mmHg. Her total cholesterol is 198 mg Â· dlâ1 untreated, and her high-density lipoproteins are 34 mg Â· dlâ1. Her graded treadmill stress test revealed that she has a V.O2max of 20.5 ml Â· kgâ1 Â· minâ1, which is normal for an unfit woman of her age range. Her electrocardiogram was also unremarkable at rest, as well as during and following her test. In addition, she reported smoking from ages 17 to 40. She also complains of occasional joint stiffness in her hands and ankles. The client describes herself as nonathletic and admits to never participating in an organized sport or exercise setting. She is aware of the benefits of exercise but did not feel an incentive to begin a formal program until her doctorâs recommendation. The client jokes that although her workday is highly organized and structured, the rest of her life is chaotic and that it is due only to the support of her husband and kids that anything gets done at home. She laments that her eating habits are atrocious and that she is so tired when she gets home from work that she has only enough energy to make dinner before crashing in front of the television. She presents to you to start a workout program that will help achieve her goals.

Exercise Prescription:
The exercise plan including the traditional componentsâfrequency, intensity, duration, and modality (discussed in detail in later chapters)âmay be tailored to address specific risk factors. The subjectâs medical history, however, clearly indicates that this person had not prioritized exercise participation until she received her doctorâs recommendation. Moreover, she presents with numerous potential barriers to engaging in a physically active lifestyle, as well as behaviors that contribute to her overweight status. The clinician should assist the participant in establishing awareness and developing strategies to address those barriers. Furthermore, the clinician should consider tailoring strategies for motivating the participant toward the adoption of a healthy, physically active lifestyle.

Questions:
1. Applying the transtheoretical model, at what stage of exercise adoption is this client?

2. Based on your response to question 1, what types of interventions are most appropriate for this stage of change and why?

3. If you used the health belief model, what factors would you emphasize to achieve optimal exercise adherence?

4. How would Banduraâs social cognitive theory be relevant to fostering exercise adherence for this client?

HE ED110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Dysphonia, Cardiac Arrhythmia, Calorie Restriction

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

HE ED110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Independent Community And Health Concern, Campylobacter Jejuni, Triglyceride

HE ED110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Presbyopia, Hearing Loss, Old Age Security

HE ED110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Stress Management, Venae Cavae, Aspirin

Related Questions