NUTR 3210 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Malonyl-Coa, Cori Cycle, Pyruvic Acid

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4 Feb 2017

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Over 90% of the energy in food released here. A common and final catabolic pathway for products of protein, lipid, and carbohydrates. C6h12o6 + 6o2 6co2 + 6h2o + energy (oxidation) Acetyl coa produced from pyruvate, donates 2 carbons to oxaloacetate. Acetyl coa breaks down cho, fats, and protein. Positive regulation by acetyl coa because if you have high levels of that you need high levels of oxaloacetate to keep cycle going. Amino acids can be converted into pyruvate. [3 nadh, 1 fadh, 1 gtp (equivalent to ~12 atp)] Each molecule of glucose has 2 acetyl co (so this would be multiplied by 2) Amino acids can be converted into succinyl coa. Atp yields from complete oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose. Different ways to calculate this (1 nadh = 3 atp, 1 fadh2 = 2 atp, 1 gtp = 1 atp) Glycolysis net energy = 2 atp + 2 nadh (~8 atp)

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Acetyl CoA is the beginning of a metabolic pathway that produces most of the NADH and FADH for ATP production. When you starve, which of the following will produce the most Acetyl CoA?

Protein, carbohydrates, and lipid metabolism all produce the same amount

Free Oxygen radicals

Protein metabolism

Lipid metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism

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Which of the following occurs when oxyhemoglobin reaches the capillaries of heart muscle?

Absorbs oxygen from the mitochondria

Releases oxygen which leaves the capillary and diffuses into the cell

Releases its oxygen which diffuses from the capillary to the nucleus

Releases its oxygen which diffuses from the mitochondria to the capillary

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The drug, cannabis, which is produced by the marijuana plant, is a byproduct of which reaction?

Dark reaction

Light reaction

Oxidative phosphorylation of plants

Glycolysis in plants

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All of the following are true about bile EXCEPT:

It acts as an emulsifying agent for lipids and it is synthesized in the liver

It disperses globs of fat in the chyme into microscopic particles

It acts as an emulsifying agent on carbohydrates and is synthesized in the gall bladder

It exposes the large surface area of lipids to lipase

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The carbon-nitrogen bond that connects amino acids together in a protein is referred to as which of the following?

Peptide bond

Covalent bond

Ionic bond

Octet bond

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Dr. Monroe wants to prevent Priscilla, the chair of biology, from digesting carbohydrates. Which organ should she remove from Priscilla that produces the enzymes needed for carbohydrate digestion?

Small intestine

Liver

Pancreas

Large intestine

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QuestionGroup: #17 Lipids

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All of the following are true about the liver EXCEPT:

It receives all the blood from the intestinal system by way of the portal circulation.

It produces iron directly with no need for having a food substrate

It stores fats and carbohydrates for energy.

It regulates blood glucose levels and synthesis of blood proteins

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QuestionGroup: #18 DNA

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This molecule controls the production of enzymes in animal cells.

It is DNA, a nucleotide that resides in the nucleus of cells

It is RNA, the ancestor to DNA

It is a protein

It is DNA, a carbohydrate

It is DNA, a nucleotide which resides in the cytoplasm of the cell

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QuestionGroup: #19 DNA2

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Which of the following represents the proper sequence for the "central dogma"?

RNA to Protein to DNA

RNA to DNA to Protein

DNA to RNA to Protein

Protein to RNA to DNA

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QuestionGroup: #20 Gene expression

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How many different kind of amino acids are necessary for mRNA to make proteins in humans?

Bogus question since mRNA does not use amino acids to make protein.

Bogus question since mRNA does not use amino acids to make protein rather it is the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Q1. Which of the following is false concerning the Calvin Benson Cycle.

A. Utilizes both NADPH and ATP

B. Requires ribulose bisphophate carboxylase

C. Is responsible for the fixation of carbon dioxide.

D. Oxidize carbons

E. All of the above are true

Q2. Concerning the avian-adapted, highly pathogenic strain of H5N1 (called HPAI A(H5N1), for "highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5NI"), which of the following is false:

A. Cause "avian influenza" or simply "bird flu"

B. Has resulted in death of many millions of chickens and birds

C. Has resulted in recent deaths of many hundred thousands of exposed humans.

D. Endemic in many bird populations.

E. All of the above are true

Q3. Which of the following is mismatched concerning microscopy.

A. SEM: 3D representatio of surface features of cells and other objects, individual components in microbial communities, microbial environmental interactions.

B. Confocal: uses laser light sources to scan differentilly lableded specimens producing 3D images assembled by a computer.

C. Darkfield: can visualize living spirochetes in wetmounts, motility of celss in wet mounts.

D. Differential Interference Phase Contrast: Similar to phase contrast but adds prisms providing additional detail and quasi-3D effect.

E. Limit of resolution human eye (conventional light microscopy): 0.2 mm (2nm)

Q4. Which of the following is the correct decreasing order in resistance to heat and chemicals?

A. Protozoan cysts - prions - endospores - fungi - mycobacteria - lipid viruses - E.Coli

B. Endospores - prions - fungi - mycobacteria - protozoan cysts - E.Coli - lipid viruses

C. Endospores - prions - protozoan cysts - fungi - mycobacteria - lipid viruses - E. Coli

D. Prions - endospores - mycobacteria - protozoan cysts - fungi - E.Coli - lipid viruses

E. Prions - endospores - mycobacteria - fungi - protozoan cysts - lipid viruses - E.Coli

Q5. What is false concerning capnophiles?

A. mammalian cells in culture

B. Neisseria

C. Have a requirement for increased carbon dioxide

D. Hemophilus

E. All of the above are true

Q6. Which of the following is false concerning Biosafety Levels?

A. Requirments for facilities increase from BSL- 1 to BSL- 4

B. PPE increses from BSL- 1 to BSL- 4

C. BSL- 4 agents have no vaccines and treatments and include Ebola and Marburg viruses

D. BSL- 3 agents include Vibrio cholerae, Corynebacterium diphtheriase & Borrelia burdorferi

E. all of the above are true.

Q7. Which of the following would be the most likely and available choice for sterilizing heat labile liquids in different research and teaching labs at a school, while still retaining the materials in a useable state?

A. Membrane filtration

B. Gamma radiation

C. Autoclaving

D. Hot air oven

E. HEPA filter

Q8. In the aerobic metabolism of proteins by chemoheterotrophs (e.g., E.Coli and you)

A. Proteins are broken down into smaller prptides and eventually into amino acids by proteses (peptidases)

B. Certain amino acids may be converted to pyruvate

C. Certain amino acids may be converted to intermediates (e.g. oxaloacetate) of the Krebs cycle.

D. Certain amino acids may be converted to acetyl-CoA

E. All of the above are true.

Q9. Which of the following would be the most effective for sterilizing air in a hospital surgical suite during an operation?