BIOL 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Pesticide Resistance, Antimicrobial Resistance, Selective Breeding

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rubycrab690

2 Jul 2018

School

University of Manitoba

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BIOL 1000

Professor

All

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LECTURE 3 & 4 January 9th & 11th, 2018

BIOL-1000-EXPLORING LIFE

1.1 WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM?

•It is where all the organisms living in a particular area and the physical components with

which the organisms interact.

1.2 WHAT IS A COMMUNITY, POPULATION & ORGANISM?

•A community is the entire array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem; a popula-

tion is where all the individuals of a species are living in a specific area and an organism is an

individual living thing.

1.3 WHAT IS AN ORGAN SYSTEM , AN ORGAN & A TISSUE?

•An organ system is where all the several organs that cooperate in a specific function;

whereas an organ is a structure composed of tissues and provide a specific function for the or-

ganism. A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a specific function.

• The tissues form cells which are the fundamental unit of life; an organelle is a mem-

brane bound structure that performs a specific function in a cell; a molecule is a cluster of small

chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds.

1.4 WHAT IS SCIENCE?

•“Science” refers to a way of pursuing knowledge.

•Hypothesis, founded by Karl Popper and formed from Induction, is defined as deriving

generalizations made from a large number of specific observation which means to collect and an-

alyze observations which then leads to conclusions.

•Next comes, Predictions which is formed from Deductions, and it is defined as logic

flows from general premise to specific results that we expect if the premise is true or not and also

used to derive ways to test the hypothesis.

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LECTURE 3 & 4 January 9th & 11th, 2018

•In hypothesis, the body conditions will determine differences in fertility.

•In todays world we call know that technology is powerful and that it has various uses

like : a)improving our standard of living, keeps people healthier for longer time; b)environmental

effects of population growth are devastating; c) climate change, toxic wastes, deforestation etc.

•Science identifies problems, and also provides insight for solutions like solutions deter-

mined by politics, economics, cultural value as well as science and technology.

•When proving a hypothesis wrong; science does not achieve certain knowledge with ab-

solute proofs, thus science arrives at theories which gets stronger as they are supported by more

evidence.

•Each hypothesis leads to predictions testable with experiments or observations.

•On the other hand, theory is the framework within which new hypotheses are generated

and tested; whereas a scientific theory is the synthesis of well tested and verified hypotheses

about some aspect of the would around us.

•As scientists have confirmed that evolution is a theory too, and it includes Gravity, New-

tonian theory of Gravity and Einstein’s general relativity etc as examples.

•Good experimental design is essential which includes the following: a)Large number of

samples reduce role of change in deterring results. b)Randomization prevents bias. c)Observers

should be blinded to experiment when measuring results. d)Ideally the experiment and control

groups differ by only one factor which is tested.

•Science is a social activity, most scientists working in teams, scientists share information

including publications, seminars, meetings and internet.

•Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena, limited to the study of structures and

processes that we can directly observe and measure.

•Science method is necessarily repetitive.

1.5 HYPOTHESES CAN BE TESTED USING CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS?

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Document Summary

It is where all the organisms living in a particular area and the physical components with which the organisms interact. A community is the entire array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem; a popula- tion is where all the individuals of a species are living in a specific area and an organism is an individual living thing. An organ system is where all the several organs that cooperate in a specific function; whereas an organ is a structure composed of tissues and provide a specific function for the or- ganism. A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a specific function. Science refers to a way of pursuing knowledge. Hypothesis, founded by karl popper and formed from induction, is defined as deriving generalizations made from a large number of specific observation which means to collect and an- alyze observations which then leads to conclusions. In hypothesis, the body conditions will determine differences in fertility.

Related Questions

It's a quiz for my life science class.

QUESTION 1

Organisms that have descended from the same initial group and have the ability to interbreed belong to the same

	A.	species.
	B.	family.
	C.	class.
	D.	genus.
	E.	order.

5 points

QUESTION 2

The simplest entity that exhibits all of the properties of life is called a(n)

	A.	molecule.
	B.	cell.
	C.	organism.
	D.	tissue.

5 points

QUESTION 3

In populations, adaptation usually arises through

	A.	responsiveness.
	B.	heredity.
	C.	metabolism.
	D.	natural selection.
	E.	development.

5 points

QUESTION 4

Scientists have found that ancient fossils

	A.	are less similar to present-day organisms than more recent fossils.
	B.	are just as similar to present-day organisms as more recent fossils.
	C.	are more similar to present-day organisms than more recent fossils.
	D.	are very similar to present-day organisms.
	E.	bear no resemblance to present-day organisms.

5 points

QUESTION 5

What is the term that describes the study of the relationship between living things and components of their environment?

	A.	herpetology
	B.	analogy
	C.	zoology
	D.	ecology
	E.	ichnology

5 points

QUESTION 6

Characteristics usually associated with life include all of the following except:

	A.	motility.
	B.	a high degree of organization.
	C.	lack of change from generation to generation.
	D.	reproduction.
	E.	responsiveness to stimuli.

5 points

QUESTION 7

The scientific name for the black-footed ferret is Mustela nigripes. The name Mustela indicates the _____________________ to which the organisms belongs.

	A.	phylum
	B.	class
	C.	family
	D.	species
	E.	genus

5 points

QUESTION 8

Which of the following is considered to be the most basic living unit?

	A.	organ system
	B.	molecule
	C.	organelle
	D.	cell
	E.	tissue

5 points

QUESTION 9

Which of the following concepts best describes the wide variety of dog species we observe, ranging from the domesticated golden retriever or the basset hound, to the wild dogs of Africa, to foxes?

	A.	preadaptation
	B.	special creation
	C.	inheritance of acquired characteristics.
	D.	taxonomy
	E.	evolution

5 points

QUESTION 10

If an ecologist is studying the cycling of carbon through a particular environment (which involes the movement of carbon through living things as well as through rock, air, and water), the scientist is studying at what level of ecology?

	A.	organismal
	B.	community
	C.	ecosystem
	D.	population
	E.	biosphere

5 points

QUESTION 11

Which list is organized from smallest to largest level of organization of life?

	A.	organisms, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles
	B.	organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
	C.	organelles, tissues, cells, organ systems, organs, organisms
	D.	tissues, cells, organelles, organs, organ systems, organisms
	E.	cells, tissues, organ systems, organelles, organs, organisms

5 points

QUESTION 12

When examining the hierarchy of life, which of the following terms is most inclusive?

	A.	biosphere
	B.	population
	C.	species
	D.	ecosystem

5 points

QUESTION 13

The units of inheritance are

	A.	evolutions.
	B.	heredities.
	C.	genes
	D.	twins.
	E.	metabolic activities.

5 points

QUESTION 14

Organisms that undergo asexual reproduction

	A.	require another organism to reproduce.
	B.	are usually very complex.
	C.	produce offspring that are different from each other.
	D.	do not require energy to reproduce.
	E.	produce offspring that are identical to each other and to the parent.

5 points

QUESTION 15

All the living organisms in a particular area at a particular time make up a

	A.	biosphere.
	B.	community.
	C.	biosystem.
	D.	population.
	E.	ecosystem.

5 points

QUESTION 16

The first step in the scientific method is to

	A.	identify a problem.
	B.	predict the results of an experiment.
	C.	propose a solution.
	D.	draw a conclusion.
	E.	perform an experiment.

5 points

QUESTION 17

Young multicelled organisms usually start out small, then grow in size, and increase in complexity. This process is called:

	A.	heredity.
	B.	metabolism.
	C.	development.
	D.	evolution.
	E.	heredity.

5 points

QUESTION 18

To maintain order within their cells and organs, all living things must

	A.	carry on metabolism.
	B.	reproduce.
	C.	constantly change.
	D.	be able to move.
	E.	extract energy from sunlight.

5 points

QUESTION 19

Which of the following includes Highest levels of hierarchy?

	A.	family
	B.	phylum
	C.	domain
	D.	kingdom
	E.	order

5 points

QUESTION 20

Fungi are classified into which domain?

	A.	Archaea
	B.	Eukarya
	C.	Bacteria
	D.	Fungi

erinhare264

1. Water's molecular structure of water gives rise to 4 emergent properties that facilitate life on earth. Explain how the molecular structure of water contributes to each of these properties.

Explain why the structure of carbon makes it an excellent backbone for the molecules that compose living organisms.

2. Explain how water is involved in the synthesis and breakdown of biological macromolecules. in your answer, make sure to discuss the reactions that join and break apart monomers and why water is related to these processes.

Saturated and unsaturated fats have different fluidities at room temperature. Explain why this occurs.

Use the structural differences discussed in part 1 to explain why one type of fat can harm the cardiovascular system while the other has little negative effects.

Given that starch and cellulose are both made from the same monomer, why do you think that cellulose is so much more difficult for animal digestive systems to break down?

Most living organisms are extremely sensitive to changes in temperature and pH.

Use your knowledge of protein structure and the bonds involved to explain this sensitivity. make sure to be specific about levels of structure and bonds that are disrupted when temperature or pH change significantly.

Some living organisms such as gut microorganisms able to survive in environments with extreme pHs. What kind of modifications may they have in the amino acid composition of their proteins that facilitate their adaptation to this environment?

3. Explain how the internal structure of a cell isolated from the pancreas differs from that of a muscle cell.,

Compare the structures of animal and plant cells. How are they different? how are they the same?

Edema is a medical condition that results from fluid leaking out of blood vessels into surrounding tissues. using your knowledge of animal cell junctions, hypothesize what type of junction may be malfunctioning in individuals suffering from edema and explain why you believe your hypothesis to be correct.

burgundyplatypus4

Phototrophs need an electron source like H₂S orH₂O. Where do the electrons from these sources go?(Assume the organism is growing autotrophically as well astophototrophically.)

	O₂ and CO₂
	O₂ only
	CO₂ only
	Sulfate or oxygen
	Inorganic various molecules, depending on cellular needs.

Which of the following statements about chlorophyll istrue?

	It is a good electron acceptor in its oxidized form.
	It is a good electron donor in its reduced form when energizedby light.
	It contains magnesium.
	It is a tetrapyrrole.
	All of the above

The unifying feature of all photosynthetic organisms isa(n)

	electron transfer chain.
	electron donating system to generate NADPH.
	ATP-generating system.
	light-gathering system.
	All of the above

Evidence suggests that banded iron formations are due to

	chemical oxidation of reduced iron, Fe²⁺.
	aerobic reduction of insoluble ferric iron, Fe(OH)₃.
	anaerobic oxidation of soluble ferrous iron,Fe²⁺.
	Both a and b
	Both a and c

In addition to their ability to harvest light in the 400 to 500nm range, carotenoids also

	eject electrons from the reaction center.
	function as a tetrapyrrole.
	intercept toxic single-state oxygen.
	transfer electrons to ubiquinone.
	raise electrons to a higher energy state.

Ribosomal RNA and other cell features affirm that living cellsshould be divided into three groups called domains.

	True
	False

Microbes have started to evolve recently.

	True
	False

The ________ was essential for the evolution of oxygenicphotosynthesis.

	evolution of cyanobacteria
	development of photosystem I
	ability to extract electrons from CO₂
	ability to extract electrons from H₂O
	ability to use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor

What do oxygenic phototrophs use as an electron source?

	Oxygen
	Sulfide
	Water
	Organic compounds
	CO₂

10.

Three domains of organisms have been established basedprimarily on size and other structural features of the cells.

	True
	False

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BIOL 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Pesticide Resistance, Antimicrobial Resistance, Selective Breeding

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