Biology 1001A Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Symplesiomorphy, Fetus, Mutation

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orangemacaw159

26 Jan 2015

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Genetics factors: describe genetic structure of a population, create hypothesis, make math models to describe how evolutionary processes can change the genetic influence genetic variation: structure under certain conditions, test predictions, gene pool: sum of all alleles at all gene loci in all individuals, genotypes frequencies: percentages of individuals possessing each genotype, for a locus with two alleles: p= frequency of 1 allele, q=frequency of the other allele, allele frequencies: commonness or rarity of each allele in a gene pool, gene locus with two alleles: 3 genotype frequencies, 2 allele frequencies (p & q, sum of three genotype frequencies & two allele frequencies=1* To determine whether a population is in hwe: use product rule to calculate expected genotype frequencies, compare observed vs expected, hwe is not evolution in action, it tells us what to expect if evolution is not happening, anytime we are given genotype frequencies we can calculate phenotype frequencies and vice versa.

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Q1. What are alleles?Different forms of the same gene.Different genes.The different characteristics of an organism.Genes found only in humans.Q2. If you add up the frequency of homozygotes + the frequency of heterozygotes for one gene (i.e. at one locus) in a population, what number do you get?Q3. People who are heterozygous for the sickle-cell allele:Are susceptible to malaria but not sickle-cell anemia.Are susceptible to sickle-cell anemia but not malaria.Are not susceptible to either sickle-cell anemia or malaria.Are susceptible to both sickle-cecell anemia and malaria.Q4. In the case study in this lab, which genotype is represented by "2pq" in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?Homozygous HbAHomozygous HbSHeterozygous HbA/HbSNo specific genotypeQ5. Suppose that, in an isolated village, the proportion of individuals that have sickle-cell anemia is 0.1 (or 1 of every 10 people). What proportion of the population should be sickle-cell carriers, according to Hardy-Weinberg expectations?Q6. When you simulated the elimination of malaria at the beginning of the lab, once the allele frequencies stabilized, what was the frequency of the HbA allele?Q7. When you investigated regional differences, what was the frequency (over many generations) of the HbS allele in the village in the "slightly wet" part of Africa?Q8. What is the number of deaths due to sickle-cell anemia in a region without mosquitoes expected to be?Very lowVery highModerateRelated to the frequency of malaria allelesQ9. As long as there are multiple alleles of a gene in a population, why will the frequencies of the alleles always change over time?Because natural selection changes all allele frequencies in populations over time.Because genetic drift causes random fluctuations of allele frequencies in populations.Because diseases will eliminate some of the alleles, generating fluctuations in their frequencies.Because allele frequencies fluctuate before the alleles eventually become fixed.Q10. Imagine a huge population with a gene that has ten functionally equivalent, neutral alleles. A small but genetically representative group of individuals from the big population is transported to an island, forming a small population. Which of the statements below best describes what will likely happen over time, and why?Because natural selection doesn't act on neutral alleles, the frequencies in the two populations should remain the same over time.Genetic drift will cause one allele to first become fixed in the island population, and later to become fixed in the original, large population.Genetic drift will result in the allele frequencies of the two populations diverging over time, with alleles being lost sooner in the island population.The allele frequencies of the two populations will change similarly due to a combination of genetic drift natural selection.

indigosnake469

Q1. Which of the following statements is true about the disease Kuru?
Kuru is caused by a virus, which is contracted by eating human brain material.
Kuru is caused by a prion (PrP), which is contracted by eating human brain material.
Kuru is caused by a recessive allele for PrP; if a person has two copies, he or she will develop Kuru.
Kuru is caused by a dominant allele for PrP; if a person has two copies, he or she will develop Kuru.
Kuru is caused by having one copy of the dominant allele and one copy of the recessive allele for PrP.

Q2. True or false: One can calculate the frequency of alleles in a population if the genotypes of the members of the population are known.

True False

Q3. The Hardy-Weinberg equation is p2 + 2pq + q2. In this equation, q2 stands for the frequency of ____________ in a population.

The recessive allele O

ne of the homozygous genotypes

The dominant allele

Heterozygous genotype

Q4. Which of the following descriptions best fits the relationship between the terms gene, allele, locus, and chromosome?

Alleles are different forms of a gene, which can be found at a locus on a chromosome.

Genes are made up of chromosomes, which can be found at a locus on an allele.

Chromosomes are different forms of a gene, which can be found at an allele on a locus.

A locus is made up of alleles, which can be found at a gene on a chromosome.

Q5. Mead and his colleagues proposed a hypothesis for the apparent heterozygote advantage for the PrP locus. What did they suggest as the basis for the high presence of both alleles?
History of cannibalism.
Protection from malaria.
Protection against plague.
They did not propose a heterozygotic advantage for the PrP locus.

Q7. A frog population has two alleles for skin color at the following relative frequencies: Allele SC1= 0.8, Allele SC2 = 0.2. Allele SC2 is:
Dominant
Recessive
Co-dominant
Impossible to determine dominance from the information given.

Q8. A bird population has two alleles for feather color at the following relative frequencies: Allele FC1 = 0.5, Allele FC2 = 0.5. Allele FC1 is:
Dominant
Recessive
Co-dominant
Impossible to determine dominance from the information given.

Q9. Use the following information for both questions 9 and 10: You encounter a few populations of millipedes with variation in skin color. Genotype can be inferred from coloration: CC millipedes are black, Cc millipedes are brown, and cc millipedes are yellow. [You can launch a calculator byclicking here.]

If one millipede population has 60 black individuals, 20 brown individuals, and 20 yellow individuals, what is the relative frequency of allele C in that population?

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Impossible to calculate from the information given.

Q10. If another millipede population's allele frequencies are 0.5 for C and 0.5 for c, what is the expected frequency of the cc genotype in the population, if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
0.125
0.25
0.5
1.0
Impossible to calculate from the information given.

greenskunk262

1) Which of these probabilities are NOT independent of eachother?

The probability that a student is a sophomore and has brownhair

The probability that when you roll two dice, you will roll a 6before a 2

The probability that it will rain and the probability ofneeding an umbrella

The probability that there will be heavy traffic on BaltimoreAve and the probability you will lose your cell phone

2) We are defining evolution as a "change in allele frequenciesover time". Ironically, the focus of this lab is the Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium - conditions that, if all met, will result in NOevolution occurring. Which of the following are among theconditions that must be met for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium toapply perfectly to a population?

A. The population must be very large

B. Individuals must mate at random

C. The alleles must differ in their effects on survival

D. There must be free migration into and out of thepopulation

A & B

A, B, & C

3)In cats, black fur is dominant over any allele for brown fur.If a homozygous dominant cat makes kittens with a heterozygous cat,what is the probability that the first kitten will have brown fur?Report as a proportion, not percentage, e.g., .1, NOT 10%.

The EGLN1 gene helps regulate body oxygen levels. One allele His dominant over h, and helps increase fitness at high altitude(where oxygen is low). In a study of families in Tibet, researchersfound 422 HH individuals, 377 Hh, and 201 hh individuals. The studyshowed that infant mortality was lower in Hh individuals than hh,and lowest in HH individuals.
Is the Tibetan population in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium at this H/hgene?

What is the most important factor affecting the strength ofgenetic drift?

The frequency of the rarest genotype

The size of the population

The allele frequencies

The genetic diversity in the population

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Biology 1001A Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Symplesiomorphy, Fetus, Mutation

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