Biology 1002B Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Nuclear Membrane, Cyanobacteria, Chloroplast
26 May 2016
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Mitochondria and chloroplasts transduce energy (don"t make it because you cant make energy). The theory of endosymbiosis states that modern day chloroplasts and mitochondria are actually just descendants of ancient bacteria which are engulfed. Aerobic bacterium was the free mitochondria that was swallowed (phagocytosis). Cyanobacterium was the beginning of chloroplasts (in plants and things. They do have their own etc: genomes (they have their own genetic information), translation/transcription machinery. Everything they need to make their own proteins. Let fragments of dna migrate: movements means hybridization, probe binding, when lateral gene transfer occurs, you make a copy of the gene and send it to the nucleus. Reactive oxygen species (ros)-----> electron transport/ros hypothesis: ros happens when single electron donation to oxygen (partially reduced, not totally reduced) Maybe theres an advantage to mobile genes: genes in the nucleus can undergo genetic recombination, make a list for yourself. Mitochondrial genomes are the smallest, chloroplast genomes second smallest, nucleus is by far the largest.
