Health Sciences 2711A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Mild Cognitive Impairment, Cognitive Training, Microtubule
27 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Aging Mind
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
Fluid: Depends on basic information processing skills:
detecting relationships among stimuli
analytical speed
working memory
reduces after 20 sharply decreases after 45
Crystallized: Skill that depend on:
knowledge accumulated
experience
good judgement
mastery of social conventions
peaks at 45-55: measured by intelligence test based on vocab, verbal analogy
and reasoning
Valued by a person’s culture
Longitudinal Trends in Mental Abilities
PDF File
show how things change over time
PS: fluid intelligence
most u shaped, peaking at 45-55 and towards end of life all of them drop
Age related slowing of information processing
Neural network view
neurons in brain die, breaking neural connections
brain forms new connections
new connections are less efficient: like a photocopy
Information loss view
information lost as it moves in steps through cognitive system
whole system slows down to inspect and interpret information
Individual and group factors in high intelligence scores
Lifestyle
high education
complex job or leisure
lasting marriage: esp smart people
high SES
Personal
flexible personality
healthy
gender
cohort
perceptual speed
Attention in Middle Adulthood
More difficulties in - avoiding distractons
multitasking
swithcing attention
focusing on relevant information
connecting visual information
inhibition
Could be linked to slower processing
experience, practice and training help older adults compensate
Memory in Middle Adulthood
Working memory decreases from 20s-60s
ineffective memory strategies (organization, elaboration, and linking) due to
slower processing attention problems
harder to keep attention of relevant information, but also harder to retrieve long
term memory
Adults can compensate by:
self pacing
strategy reminders
relevant information
Few changes in:
Factual knowledge - dates times numbers
procedural knowledge - knowing how to perform tasks
metacognitive knowledge - knowledge about knowing
ability to link new information to old information is more difficult with age
Problem solving and expertise
Practical problem solving
evaluate real world situations
achieve goals that have high uncertainty
helped by expertise
Expertise
extensive, highly organized and integrated knowledge base
provides efficient, effective approaches to solving problems
organized around abstact principles
result of years of experience
Creativity
creative in different way
peaks in late 30s early 40s
changes with age
younger: emotion - from spontaneous and intensely emotional to deliberate and
thoughtful
from unusual products to integration of ideas
moves from egocentric to more altruistic goals
Selective optimization with compensation
Select
choose personally valued activities, avoid others
optimize
devote diminishing resources to valued activities
compensate
find creative ways to overcome limitations
Memory
1. Deliberate
Recall more difficult
contexts helps retrial but slower processing smaller working memory
make context harder to encode
2. automatic
Recognition is easier than recall
more environmental support
implicit memory better than deliberate
without conscious awareness
depends on familiarity
think answer is correct answer; if cannot figure out, go with correct
answer
3. associative memory deficit
difficulty in creating or retreiving links between pieces of information
Helpful: emmeory cues enhancing meaningfulness of information helps,
elaboration
single- word memory test vs. word pair memory test:
no difference between test for younger adults
older adults have lower score, and much lower on word pair especially if
words are not associated
4. remote
Very long term recall
autobiographical memory
reminiscence bump for events of adolesence and early adulthood
5. prospective
Document Summary
Fluid: depends on basic information processing skills: detecting relationships among stimuli analytical speed working memory reduces after 20 sharply decreases after 45. Crystallized: skill that depend on: knowledge accumulated experience good judgement mastery of social conventions peaks at 45-55: measured by intelligence test based on vocab, verbal analogy and reasoning. Pdf file show how things change over time. Ps: uid intelligence most u shaped, peaking at 45-55 and towards end of life all of them drop. Neural network view neurons in brain die, breaking neural connections brain forms new connections new connections are less e cient: like a photocopy. Information loss view information lost as it moves in steps through cognitive system whole system slows down to inspect and interpret information. Individual and group factors in high intelligence scores. Lifestyle high education complex job or leisure lasting marriage: esp smart people high ses.
