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Microbiology and Immunology 3300B Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Macrophage, Fc Receptor, Fragment Crystallizable Region

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limewombat732
9 Dec 2016
School
Western University
Department
Microbiology and Immunology
Course
Microbiology and Immunology 3300B
Professor
Rodney Dekoter

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Document Summary

Complement and effector mechanisms of adaptive immunity but pathogens are very quick to change. Solution to this is tcrs and antibodies (bcrs) that function as adaptor molecules. T-cell receptors are cell surface receptors on the surface of t-cells that interact with peptides that must be specifically presented by mhc i or ii molecules. Immune system is evolutionarily conserved within the population slow to change. Tcrs can only recognize peptides small (8-12 amino acids) Antibodies can recognize any type of molecule peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, organic molecules, metals, etc. B-cell receptors and antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds - variable region and constant region joined by flexible hinge. Two identical heavy chains and two identical light chain molecules. Heavy chains divalently linked by disulfide bonds to each other and to light chains. Two light chains are the antigen-binding regions; carboxyterminal region of heavy chains forms the constant region known as the fc region.

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Related Questions

True / False Questions

01. _____ Antibody is composed of 2identical long heavy chains and 2 identical shorter lightchains.

02. _____ Variable (V) and constant(C) regions are part of both heavy and light chains.

03. _____ Variable regions for heavyand light chains from the same antibody molecule are alwaysidentical.

04. _____ Variable region of lightchains are encoded by the DNA sequences that contain rearranged V,D, and J segments.

05. _____ Fc part of the antibody isnot important, F(ab’)2 fragment has the same binding andeffector capacity.

06. _____ Fab fragments are generatedby alternative splicing.

07. _____ J chain is used as asurrogate light chain during pre-B cell receptor testing forsuccessful V(D)J rearrangement.

08. _____ Binding of the antigen byantibody is stabilized by disulfide bonds.

09. _____ RAG1/2 are always expressedin B cells at high level, because B cells need RAG1/2 to constantlyrearrange their V regions.

10. _____ “N” (non template)nucleotides are added by TdT.

11. _____ The 12/23 rule is appliedduring class switching.

12. _____ For B cells, V(D)Jrecombination occurs only in the bone marrow.

13. _____ The process of somatichypermutation helps to improve specificity of the antibody.

14. _____ In late pro-B cells, Vsegment is rearranged with DJ segments.

15. _____ Failure to eliminateself-reactive B cells may lead to serious autoimmune diseases.

16. _____ Mature, naïve B cellsexpress IgD and any of the other classes of antibody (IgM, IgG,IgA, or IgE) on their surfaces.

17. _____ B1 cells are present in theperitoneal cavity, pleural spaces and brain.

18. _____ AID (activation inducedcytidine deaminase) is expressed only in B cells and it canintroduce breaks in double stranded DNA.

19. _____ Different classes (isotypes)of antibodies have different effector functions, which aretriggered by special receptors expressed by a variety of cells.

20. _____ Plasma cells are terminallydifferentiated cells that produce large quantities ofantibodies.

21. _____ Repeated exposure to thesame antigen eventually leads to immunological exhaustion and lackof immunity, because there is no room for new plasma cells in thebone marrow.

22. _____ Germinal centers arespecialized sites within the bone marrow where Ig genes ofactivated B cells undergo affinity maturation.

23. _____ B cells can present antigensto T helper cells.

24. _____ Co-stimulatory molecules arerequired for efficient generation of memory B cells.

25. _____ Lymphocytes migrate to thelymphoid tissues in response to chemokines.

26. _____ Class switching duringgerminal center reaction is a random process.

27. _____ T cell independent responsescan generate strong and long lasting B cell memory.

28. _____ Fc receptors that arepresent on many different cell types are crucial for removal of thepathogens.

29. _____ The ideal vaccine should bedesigned to mimic the natural course of infection without causingsymptoms of the disease.

30. _____ The protective immunity canbe generated against any pathogen because there is virtuallyunlimited number of possible V regions, thus any antigen can berecognize by an antibody.

1.How do some pathogens prevent complement activation or avoid the effects of activated complement?

A. some pathogens hijack the host's regulatory membrane proteins that inactivate C3b, preventing the triggering of the alternative activation pathway AND some pathogens produce C5a peptidase that causes destruction of phagoctyes recruited to the area of infection

B. some pathogens produce C5a peptidase that causes destruction of phagoctyes recruited to the area of infection

C. some pathogens produce C5a peptidase that destroys complement C5a, a chemoattractant that recruits phagocytes to the area of infection

D. Some pathogen hijack the host's regultory membrane proteins that inactivate C3b, preventing the triggering of the alternative activation pathway AND some pathogens produce C5a peptidase that destroys complement C5a, a chemoattractant that recruits phagocytes to the area of infection.

2. One of the most important jobs of dendritic cells is

A. production of complement proteins

B. activation of T cells by breakdown of whole antigens and presentation of antigenic epitopes on MHC molecules

C. stimulation of cytokine production by neutrophils

D. activation of B cells by combining epitopes and presentation of whole antigens on MHC molecules

E. production of IgD

3. Normal Microbiota

A. play no role in affecting pathogen growth

B. are the organisms that typically reside on and in your body

C. enhance infection by pathogens

D. are the organisms that typically reside on and in your body AND protect aganist infection by pathogens

E. protect against infection by pathogens.

4. why is the process of gene rearrangement used in creating antibodies and T-cell receptors (TCRs) so important?

A. the given choices are all reasons that generearrangement is critical in adaptive immunity

B. This is how our systems produce memory of previous exposures, a key trait in adaptive immune responses

C. without it, we would need a single gene for every antibody and TCR required to mount all the possible responses needed during our lives

D. interactions with antigens stimulate cells to initate these processes, building the best and strongest response possible to that antigen

E. this is the same DNA altering process that leads to cancer. Understanding it leads to better treatments for cancer.

A.

Please briefly explain reasoning for all questions.

1)

Which of the following is a component of a vertebrate kidney? (Select all correct choices.)
glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
renal tubules
collecting ducts
Malphigian tubules

2)

In organisms, the ability to control osmosis depends on the properties of the plasma membranes of individual cells. Based on their ability to permit the free movement of water and some solutes, these membranes are best described as: (select all correct choices)
impermeable.
permeable.
semipermeable.
diffusible.
impervious.

3)

True or false: The inner cell mass of the blastocyst becomes the embryo, while the outer cell layer of the blastocyst forms part of the placenta.
true
false

4)

Which of the following accurately characterizes the early cleavage divisions in most animals, although not necessarily in mammals?
They do not involve an increase in the size of the zygote.
They are directed by the zygote’s genome.
They are relatively slow.
They do not occur at the same time, so at any given moment the zygote may have an odd number of cells.
All of these choices are correct.

5)

A key difference between hormonal regulation of the reproductive systems of males and females is that:
LH and FSH are released only in females.
LH and FSH are released only in males.
LH and FSH are released cyclically in females but nearly continuously in males.
LH is released in males and FSH is released in females.
LH is released continuously in males and FSH is released cyclically in females.

6)

Compared to sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction: (select all correct choices)
requires less investment in attracting mates.
allows much more rapid population growth.
is rarely found as the sole mechanism of reproduction.
results in the production of genetically identical cells or individuals.
involves meiosis and fertilization as core processes.

7)

True or false: In response to LH and FSH, ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone.
true
false

8)

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, if the oocyte is not fertilized, a number of events occur which are listed below. Select the answer that places the events in the correct chronological order.

Events:
1. the lining of the uterus is shed
2. the corpus luteum secretes progesterone
3. follicle cells are converted to the corpus luteum
4. the corpus luteum degenerates
5. estrogen and progesterone levels fall

3, 2, 4, 5, 1

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

2, 4, 3, 1, 5

4, 3, 2, 1, 5
5, 2, 3, 4, 1

9)

If an antibody is missing its Fc fragment, what would happen if this antibody encounters its target antigen in the bloodstream? Select all correct choices.
The antibody would be able to bind the antigen at a specific epitope.
The antibody would be able to bind the antigen, but not at an epitope site.
The antibody would not be able to bind to the antigen.
The antibody would be able to activate components of the complement system.
The antibody would not be able to activate components of the complement system.

10)

If an individual carries a mutation that results in a complete lack of MHC class I proteins, how would the individual’s immune response be affected? Select all correct choices.
Memory cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.
Cytotoxic T cells would not be able to target (and destroy) infected cells.
Helper T cells would not be able to interact with antigen-presenting cells.
Plasma cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.

11)

If an individual carries a mutation that results in a complete lack of MHC class I proteins, how would the individual’s immune response be affected? Select all correct choices.
Memory cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.
Cytotoxic T cells would not be able to target (and destroy) infected cells.
Helper T cells would not be able to interact with antigen-presenting cells.
Plasma cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.

12)

Which of the following statements is true regarding T cell receptors? Select all correct choices.
They recognize antigen-MHC complexes.
They contain variable and constant regions.
They are composed of two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains.
They are formed by the rearrangement of V, J, C, and D gene segments.
They can be found in the bloodstream independent of T cells.