Microbiology and Immunology 3300B Lecture : Immunology Notes

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purplejackal117

20 Feb 2012

School

Western University

Department

Microbiology and Immunology

Course

Microbiology and Immunology 3300B

Professor

Rodney Dekoter

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Document Summary

Vaccine strategies: the goal is to induce long-lasting, protective immunity without actually exposing people to disease. The vaccine itself must not cause death and it must protect against exposure to live pathogen. It must induce neutralizing antibodies to prevent infection of cells that can t be replaced. Herd immunity means that of 100 people vaccinated, 85 develop protective immunity, and the other 15 are still protected from these 85 people. The vaccine needs to induce an immune response that will result in memory. Live attenuated vaccines: infection with a less dangerous version of the pathogen. Viruses are grown in nonhuman cells so that when the virus is put in humans, immunity will be induced and the virus will be cleared because the body knows it doesn t belong there. The attenuated strain will not be able to replicate in humans. Such vaccines are used for polio, measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella.

Related Questions

1) What is the most efficient and cost-effective way to control infectious diseases? A) variolation C) passive immunotherapy using immunoglobulins B) active immunization by vaccination D) immune testing E) autoimmunization 2) Variolation was first used _______ A) to immunize the Chinese against smallpox. B) to protect individuals against the plague during the Middle Ages. C) to spread smallpox throughout the Native American populations. D) to treat individuals exposed to hepatitis. E) for research purposes in the 20th century. 3) Almost a century after Edward Jenner introduced successful vaccination, Louis Pasteur developed vaccine(s) against A) anthrax. B) human cholera. C) rabies. D) influenza. E) both anthrax and rabies. 4) Pathogens may be attenuated for use in vaccines by ______ A) raising the pathogen for several generations in tissue culture cells. B) genetic manipulation. C) treatment with formaldehyde. D) genetic manipulation coupled with treatment with formaldehyde. E) genetic manipulation and/or raising the pathogen for several generations in tissue culture cells. 5) Which of the following statements regarding an inactivated vaccine is FALSE? A) It can be produced with deactivated whole microorganisms. B) It can be produced from antigenic fragments of a pathogen. C) It is safer than an attenuated vaccine. D) It is made from mutated forms of the pathogen. E) It is made from pathogens that cannot replicate. 6) Which of the following substances is commonly used to inactivate microbes before using them for vaccination? A) formaldehyde B) aluminum C) mineral oil D) saponin E) aluminum phosphate 7) What type of vaccine is the hepatitis B vaccine? A) inactivated whole pathogen B) attenuated vaccine C) toxoid vaccine D) a recombinant vaccine composed of a single antigen of the hepatitis virus E) a vaccine produced by treating the virus with formaldehyde 8) An infectious disease researcher isolates the pathogen responsible for an emerging disease. The microbe is grown in the lab for many generations. A preparation of the laboratory-grown microbe is treated with ionizing radiation and then tested for its potential as a vaccine. What type of vaccine is this? A) attenuated B) subunit C) combination D) toxoid E) inactivated whole 9) OPV, the attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine, is no longer administered in the U.S.A. because it A) is very toxic. B) does not provide good immunity. C) can revert to wild-type virulence. D) can be spread to contacts. E) can be spread to contacts and can revert to wild-type virulence. 10) Hybridomas are factories for antibodies and are produced by _____ A) combining two virus-infected cells. B) fusing plasma cells with myeloma cells. C) repeated culture of a pathogen until it loses its virulence. D) combining a viral infected cell with a bacterial infected cell. E) combining two bacterial infected cells. 11) The study and diagnosis of antigen-antibody interactions in the blood is known as _____ A) immunology. B) hematology. C) serology. D) cytology. E) histology. 12) Which type of antibody assay is represented in this figure? A) an indirect ELISA C) an indirect immunofluorescence assay B) a direct ELISA D) a western blot E) an immunodiffusion assay 13) Titration is a serological procedure that A) identifies the causative microbe of an infectious disease. B) determines the amount of an antibody in the blood. C) must be done before the western blot test to diagnose HIV. D) is used for blood grouping. E) has been replaced by genetic engineering in isolating the antigen of a pathogen. 14) A woman uses a home pregnancy test kit that tests for hCG hormone in urine. She knows this is a type of antibody assay from the kit brochure. Antibodies reacting with the hormone produce two lines on the test strip. What specific type of antibody assay does this represent? A) a direct immunofluoresence test C) an immunochromatographic assay B) a complement fixation test D) an ELISA E) a neutralization assay 15) The complement fixation test uses red blood cells as the target for complement activation. Test serum containing antibodies is combined with a known amount of antigen in a tube, and then the RBCs and antibodies against the RBCs are added. A positive result for the complement fixation test would be A) a line of precipitate near the bottom of the tube. C) loss of color in the tube. B) a cloudy solution in the tube. D) a fluorescent precipitate. E) a solution that is clear due to precipitation of RBCs.

lilaccod196

Briefly explain what the difference is between activeand passive immunization. Incorporate the following terms in youranswer: vaccine, antigen, attenuated, primary immune response,antibodies, serum, and immediate immunity.

lavenderhound872

1. It is well documented that antibody affinities for an immunizing antigen continue to increase upon successive rounds of immunization (i.e., secondary, tertiary, etc.). This is due to the fact that:
A. At each round of immunization, new naive B cells are recruited into the response.
B. At each round of immunization, the expression of AID increases, leading to higher rates of somatic hypermutation.
C. Memory B cells express higher levels of AID than naive B cells, leading to higher rates of somatic hypermutation.
D. Memory B cells can re-enter germinal centers and undergo
additional somatic hypermutation.
E. At each round of immunization, germinal centers become larger
and have increased numbers of B cells in them.

2. The US Department of Health and Human Services has a stated goal for the seasonal influenza vaccine of vaccinating 80% of healthy (i.e., low-risk) individuals. This vaccine is formulated each year from the serotypes of influenza likely to be circulating in the population during the coming flu season. The reason this goal is not 100% of individuals is because:
A. It is not feasible to expect 100% of healthy individuals to get the flu vaccine every year.
B. Individuals who had the flu vaccine the year before will already be protected.
C. Individuals who are healthy need not be too concerned about getting infected with flu.
D. Healthy individuals are unlikely to spread the virus to others.
E. Unvaccinated individuals are protected when 80% of people
around them are vaccinated.

3. Most vaccines currently administered are delivered by intramuscular injection. Yet the pathogenic organisms these vaccines aim to protect against usually enter the body by a different route. For instance, many viruses infect us via the respiratory tract, and many bacterial pathogens infect via the gastrointestinal tract. One major advantage of delivering vaccines against these organisms via their normal route of infection would be:
A. That the vaccines would no longer require the incorporation of an adjuvant in their composition
B. That the vaccines would elicit IgA antibodies in addition to IgG antibodies
C. That the vaccines would no longer require several boosters to elicit protective responses
D. That the vaccines would be more stable and not require refrigeration
E. That the vaccines would be safer and have fewer side effects than
injected vaccines

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Microbiology and Immunology 3300B Lecture : Immunology Notes

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